Download Unit 7: World War II and its Aftermath

Unit 7: World War II and
its Aftermath
Chapter 16: World War
Looms
The World’s Great “isms”
1.
A system for bettering the condition of the
people by having the state own and control the
means of production of major industries;
government determines the needs of the people
and then provides these for them.
2.
According to Karl Marx, this is the final stage of
socialism in which a classless society will be
achieved and the state will wither away.
3.
A form of government in which the
government is supreme and
individuals have few rights. Total
control of the government rests in
the hands of one or a few persons.
4.
A government in which the power and
authority rest with the people.
People usually express their power
through voting.
5.
Political philosophy that calls for glorification of
the nation above the individual, a centralized
government headed by a dictatorial leader, a
severe economic and social regimentation, and
the use of force against opposition.
6.
A form of socialism featuring racism and
expansionism and obedience to a strong leader.
It calls for aggressive nationalism and militarism
and placed great restrictions on personal
freedom.
7.
System in which private businesses and
individuals control the means of production
Faces of Totalitarianism
- Extreme Nationalism
- Militaristic expansion
- Charismatic Leader
- Private property w/
Strong gov’t. contol
- Anticommunist
-Extreme nationalism
And racism
-Militaristic expansion
-Forceful leader
-Private property w/
Strong gov’t. control
-Anticommunist
-Create sound
Communist state
-Revolution by
Workers
-Eventual rule by
Working class
-State ownership
Of property
I. Dictators Threaten World
Peace
A.
Nationalism threatens Europe and
Asia
1. Failures of WWI peace
settlement
2. Joseph Stalin’s Soviet Union
a. Create a model Communist
state
b. restructuring of agriculture
and industry
c. 1939-2nd largest industrial
power in the world
d. 1939- est. a totalitarian gov’t.:
complete control over citizens
3. Fascism in Italy:
a. 1921- Benito Mussolini began his
rise to power
b. 1922- a Fascist Gov’t est. in Italy
1. Eventually became a
totalitarian state
4. Nazis in Germany
a. 1919- Hitler joined the National
Socialist German Workers’ Party or
Nazi Party
b. Beliefs of Nazism:
1. Based on extreme nationalism
a. uniting all German speaking
people’s/”Aryan” race
2. Germany needed more living
space
c. Role of the Great Depression
d. 1933- Adolf Hitler appointed
Chancellor of Germany
1. Dismantled democratic Weimar
Republic
2. Est. the Third Reich
5. Militarist in Japan:
a. Nationalistic military leaders
took control
b. 1931- invaded and captured
Manchuria
6. Aggression in Europe:
a. Germany invaded the Rhineland
b. Rome-Berlin Axis Pact: formal
alliance b/w Germany and Italy
c. Italy- invaded and took control
of Ethiopia.
B. U.S. Clings to Neutrality
1.
Neutrality Acts:
a. outlawed arms sales or loans to
nations at war (includes Civil War)
II. War in Europe
A.
Continued German expansion
1. Union with Austria
a. March, 1938 Nazi’s entered Austria
unopposed.
2. The Sudetenland:
a. 3 million German speaking peoples
b. Munich Pact: Hitler declared this his
last territorial demand
1. Neville Chamberlain
B. The German Offensive
1. March, 1939 German troops entered
Czechoslovakia
2. Soviets declare neutrality:
a. nonaggression pact: Soviet Union and
Germany agreed not to fight each other.
1. Result- Germany invaded
Poland on Sept. 1, 1939
2. Sept. 3, 1939 Britain and
France declared war on Germany
3. Germany took 2/3
population; Soviets 1/2 territory
3. From Blitzkrieg to sitzkrieg
a. ended when Soviets began invading
the Baltics
b. Germany then invaded Denmark and
Norway
C. France and Britain Fight On
1.
2.
The Fall of France
The Battle of Britain
a. total control of British skies
b. 2 months of daily/nightly bombing
c. Hitler suspended attempt to capture
Britain
III. The Holocaust
A.
Persecution Begins
1. Why Jews?
a. Nuremberg Laws: stripped of civil
rights and property and wear the Star of
David.
b. Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass)
2. Plight of Jewish Refugees:
a. reluctance of Britain and France
to take in refugees
b. American reluctance
B. The Final Solution: the disappearance of
Jewry from Europe
1. Genocide
2. Targeted groups- Jews, gypsies,
freemasons, Jehovah’s Witnesses.
a. homosexuals, mentally retarded,
disabled, incurably ill
3. Eastward- targeted Poles, Ukrainians,
and Russians
3. Concentration Camps: labor camps
consisting of hunger, humiliation, and
death.
4. Extermination: 1941 built 6 death camps
in Poland
a. gas chambers
b. shot, hung, injected w/ poison
c. crematoriums
d. herded into ghettos to starve or
die from disease
e. families often separated
f. camps- cycle of hunger,
humiliation, and work.
5. The Survivors:
a. risks of many
6. 6 million + died at hands of
Germany
IV. America Moves Towards
War
A.
U.S. Musters Its Forces
1. Moving cautiously away from
neutrality:
a. FDR asked for revisions to
Neutrality Acts
b. Cash and Carry Policy
2. The Axis Threat:
a. Tripartite Pact: signed by
Japan, Germany, and Italy
1. Forever known as Axis Powers
2. Agreed to come to aid of
each other in the event of attack
a. What does this mean for
the United States?
3. Building America’s Defenses:
a. Selective Training and Service
Act- first peace time draft
1. Ages 21-35 registered.
4. Election of 1940:
a. Rep- Wendell Wilkie
b. Dem.- FDR
1. Winner- FDR
c. Significance of this election?
B. The Great Arsenal of Democracy
1. Lend Lease Plan: U.S. would lend or
lease arms and supplies to any
country whose defense was vital to
U.S.
a. Great Britain and Soviet Union
2. June 22, 1941 Hitler invaded
Soviet Union with 3 million troops.
a. scorched earth policy
3. German Wolf Packs
C. Planning for War
1.
The Atlantic Charter: a declaration
of principles b/w G.B. and the U.S.:
a. Pledged the following:
1. Seek no territorial expansion
2. Pursue no territorial changes
w/out consent of inhabitants
3. Respect the right of people to
choose own form of government
4. Promote free trade among
nations
5. Work for disarmament of
aggressors
b. was later the basis for the United
Nations
2. Shooting Begins
a. German U-Boat attacks on U.S.
merchant/war ships- Pink Star, Kearny, and
Reuben James
1. Led us no closer to war
2. “When you see a rattlesnake poised
to strike.. You crush him”
3. “The shooting has started. And
history has recorded who fired first”.
- FDR
D. Japan Attacks the United
States
1.
Japanese aggression in Southeast
Asia
a. U.S. response- trade embargo;
included oil (most important).
b. Nov. 5, 1941- Japanese envoy sent
to U.S. seeking peace
c. Dec. 6, 1941- envoy ordered to reject
all peace offers
2. December 7, 1941
a. 180 Japanese warplanes launched
surprise attack on Pearl Harbor
b. U.S. Pacific fleet was badly crippled by
attack
3.
December 8, 1941: U.S. declared
war on Japan
a. result?
V. Mobilization on the Home
Front
A.
Americans Join the War Effort
1. 5 million volunteered
2. 10 million drafted by Selective
Service
a. G.I.’s (Government Issued)
B. Women in the Military
1. Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC):
created in 1942
2. “the silliest piece of legislation”
a. did not receive same rank, pay, or
benefits as men doing same job
b. could not make military a career
c. 250,000 women served in Corps
d. non-combat duties
C. Minorities in the Armed Services
1. Initial reaction- alternative of Nazism
2. Many did serve although in segregated units.
a. 500,000 Hispanics; 1 million African
Americans
b. mostly non-combat duty
c. April, 1943
3. “Just carve on my tombstone, here lies a black
man killed fighting a yellow man for the protection
of a white man”
War Production
3. Mobilization of Scientists
a. Office of Scientific Research and
Development:
4. Changes in entertainment
a. more $ = more spending
b. movies and books
c. Song of Russia, Mission to
Moscow, Hitler, Beast of Berlin
d. Life Magazine
E. Federal Government Takes Control
1. Japanese internment camps
a. 110,000 placed in internment
camps
b. 2/3 were Nisei- Jap.-Am. Born in
U.S.
2. Korematsu v. United States, 1944
a. Supreme Court upheld
internment
b. 1988- government issued an
apology and $20,000 payments to
surviving internees
3. 442nd Regimental Combat Team
2. Economic Controls: attempts to control
inflation
a. Office of Price Admin.- froze prices
on most goods
b. raised taxes and encouraged war
bonds
c. rationing- meat, shoes, sugar, coffee,
gasoline
c. rationing- fixed allotments of
goods essential to war effort- meat,
shoes, coffee, sugar, gasoline, etc.
d. War Production Board- decided
which companies would convert from
peacetime to wartime production
VI. War for Europe and North
Africa
A.
U.S. and Britain join forces
1. The Plans:
a. Top Priority- defeat of Germany
b. will accept only unconditional
surrender of Axis Powers
1. Effect on Germany/Japan?
2. Battle of the Atlantic
3. Invasion of North Africa
a. clear way for invasion of Italy
b. The Desert Fox
c. General Patton in command
d. May, 1943 German and Italian
troops surrendered
B. Eastern Front and the
Mediterranean
1.
Battle of Stalingrad:
a. Moscow and Leningrad
b. shift in strategy:
1. Capture Soviet oil fields
2. Capture Stalingrad to cut off
supplies to Soviet army
c. almost 1 yr. later Germans
surrendered to Soviets
1. 91,000 of 330,000 soldiers left
2. Soviets lost 1.2 million
3. Italian Campaign:
a. 1943 Allies invaded Italy
b. July 25, 1943 King Emmanuel III
stripped Mussolini of power and had him
arrested.
c. Hitler responded by seizing control of
Italy and reinstating Mussolini as head of
puppet state
d. 18 months of fighting
e. Mussolini discovered trying to
flee Italy.
C. Liberation of Europe
1.
D-Day: June 6, 1944 (Operation
Overlord)
a. largest land-sea-air operation in history
b. Sept. 1944, allies had freed France,
Belgium, Luxembourg, and most of
Netherland.s
2. Battle of the Bulge- last efforts of
the fuhrer
a. broke through allied lines
b. heroic stand at Bastogne
c. end result- Nazis could do little
but retreat!
3. Liberation of the Death Camps
a. Soviets first to come upon death campsMajdanek
4. Unconditional Surrender
a. April 30th Hitler committed Suicide
b. V-E Day- May 8, 1945
VII. War in the Pacific
A.
Stemming the Japanese Tide
1. Japanese advances: overran Hong
Kong, French Indochina, Malaya,
Burma, Thailand, and 1/2 of China.
a. also took- Formosa, Dutch East
Indies, Solomon Islands
b. Philippines: 80,000 American and
filipino troops under command of
Douglas MacArthur.
1. Held out for 5 months
2. MacArthur ordered to
abandon Philippines- “I Shall Return”
2. U.S. Retaliation: April 18, 1942 Col
James Doolittle led B-52 raid on
Tokyo and other cities.
a. Battle of the Coral Sea- Allies
stopped Japanese advances on
Australia.
3. Battle of Midway- U.S. prevented
Japanese advances on Hawaii.
4. Island Hopping: targeting less
fortified Japanese held islands.
a. built air fields and used to cut off
supplies
b. October, 1944 Gen. MacArthur
and allies returned to Philippines.
1. Iwo Jima
2. Okinawa
B. Atomic Bomb Ends the War
1. Manhattan Project: top secret
development of the Atomic Bomb.
a. 600,000 involved; Oak Ridge, TN
b. April 12, 1945- FDR died from a stroke
in Warm Springs, Georgia
1. Truman now President
c. July 16, 1945 first test
2. Enrico Fermi- director of project
a. production of Uranium 235 and
plutonium
3. J. Robert Oppenheimer- headed
the construction of actual bomb in
Los Alamos, NM
2. Decision to drop the bomb:
a. scientific objections
1. Immoral to drop bomb w/out warning
the Japanese
2. Demonstrate it for them
b. rational for decision- save American
lives
c. July 25, 1945 Truman gave approval to
make plans.
3. Hiroshima and Nagasaki:
a. August 6, 1945- Enola Gay and
“Little Boy”
b. August 9, 1945- “Fat Man”
dropped on Nagasaki
C. Rebuilding Begins
1.
Preparation for Peace
a. Yalta Conference- U.S., Britain, Soviet Union.
1. Divide Germany into 4 zones
2. Free elections in Poland
3. Stalin agreed to join war effort against the
Japanese
2.
Occupation of Japan
a. under command of MacArthur
b. 6 year occupation
c. government reform
1. New constitution and democratic
government
2. Nuremberg Trials:
a. 23 nation tribunal
b. 22 convicted of war crimes
c. first time leaders were held
legally responsible for actions during
wartime.
VIII. Impact of the War
A.
Opportunity and Adjustment
1. Economic Gains:
a. unemployment dropped to 1.2%
b. wages rose 70%
c. crop production increased 50%
and income tripled.
d. employment gains for women
2. Population Shifts
a. war triggered mass migration
1. Service men and women
2. Civilians
b. resulted in a home shortage
3. Social Adjustments:
a. Mothers rearing children
b. teenagers becoming deliquents
c. huge marriage boom
1. Divorces doubled (31:100)
d. GI Bill of Rights: provided education
and training for veterans and loans for
buying a home.
B. Discrimination and Reaction
1. Segregation in military persisted
2. No longer restricted to menial
tasks
2. Japanese Americans struggle
a. Internment camps
b. Korematsu v. United States
c. 1988- Congress passed bill to give
$20,000 in reparations to every Japanese
Am. Sent to a relocation camp.