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The Road to War and World War II Chapters 17 and 18 Section 17.1 • Stalin’s Soviet Union – Joesf Stalin takes over the USSR after Lenin’s death and begins the “great leap forward” • A series of five year plans to modernize and industrialize the USSR – Stalin’s economic plans • Forced family farms to merge into large collective state-owned farms – Peasant farmers starved to death – Nearly 5 million peasants sent to labor camps in Siberia – Agricultural production fell to record lows, resulting in food rationing • Forced millions of citizens to build industrial facilities Section 17.1 • Purges: the process of removing enemies and undesirables • Stalin “purifies” the Communist Party of his enemies • By 1939, more than 7 million people were arrested – A million executed and millions sent to labor camps Section 17.1 • Fascism in Italy – Mussolini was a WWI vet who believed the Versailles treaty did not give Italy enough territory – He organizes the Fascist Party calling himself “IL Duce” (the leader) • His party and message attracts war veterans, opponents of the monarchy, anarchists, etc… Section 17.1 • Fascism in Italy continued – Mussolini and his party used Black shirts (Fascist thugs) to intimidate political opponents – When he threatens to march on Rome, the king makes Mussolini the Prime Minister • To restore peace and prosperity, Mussolini suspends elections, outlaws other parties, and becomes dictator – Mussolini did begin an economic recovery and with that came in 1935 an invasion and conquest of Ethiopia in 1936 Section 17.1 • Hitler’s Rise to Power – Hitler was an Austrian, who had served in the German Army in WWI and was a failed artist – He hated the Versailles Treaty for the humiliation it brought upon his beloved Germany – The Nazi Party • In 1919, Hitler joined the National Socialist German Worker’s Party (Nazi Party) • Nazism: type of Fascism shaped by Hitler’s views of German nationalism and racial superiority • Hitler’s superior speaking ability made him the leader of the party and by 1923 with 3,000 followers, Hitler tried to overthrow the German government – Hitler is arrested and while arrested writes his book, Mein Kampf (My Struggle) Section 17.1 • Hitler’s Rise to Power continued – In Mein Kampf, Hitler lays out his ideology • Jews caused Germany’s defeat in WWI • Germany should expand and rearm in violation of the Versailles Treaty • Purifying the “Aryan Race” (blond, blue-eyed Germans) by eliminating less superior people • Hitler promised to fix the economic woes of the German people – On his promise to fix the economy, by 1930 the Nazi Party became the majority party in Germany’s lower house (the Reichstag) – Hitler placed second in the presidential election of 1932, thus President Hindenburg named Hitler chancellor (head of the German government) in 1933 Section 17.1 • Hitler’s Rise to Power continued – As chancellor, Hitler suspended free speech and free press, had his brown shirts (Nazi thugs) silence his opposition, used a fire of the Reichstag building, which he planned but blamed on communists to get a bill passed giving him dictatorial powers – In 1934, President Hindenburg dies and Hitler becomes both president and chancellor, he gives himself the title of Der Furhrer (the leader) – By illegally rebuilding the German armed forces and financing public works, Hitler was able to end the Depression in Germany and prepare Germany for expansion • Unemployment was nearly zero Section 17.1 • Germany Expands – March 7, 1936 • Germans troops enter the demilitarized Rhineland, which was prohibited in the Versailles Treaty – Also in 1936 • Hitler signs an alliance with Mussolini, which would later include Japan creating the Axis Powers – March 1938 • Hitler sends troops into Austria in a bloodless annexation of the country (Anschluss) – September 1938 • Hitler demands the Sudetenland (area of Czechoslovakia with a large German population) • Not wanting war Britain and France allow Hitler to take the region with Hitler vowing he would take no more territory – Appeasement: giving into a competitor’s demands in order to keep the peace Section 17.1 • The Spanish Civil War – Spain erupts in civil war in February of 1936 with the liberal parties (Republicans) in control of government battling the Fascist leaning military and its supporters called Nationalists – Hitler and Mussolini send aid to the Nationalist forces – Stalin sends aid to the Republican forces – By March of 1939, the Nationalists won and their leader Franco became ruler for life Section 17.2 • Europe goes to War – Hitler goes back on his promise to end his quest for territory in March of 1939 by invading and annexing the rest of Czechoslovakia – That following April, Mussolini invaded and annexed Albania Section 17.2 • The Invasion of Poland – On March 31, 1939, France and Britain pledged to defend Poland from German invasion – Although bitter enemies, Germany and the USSR signed a ten year nonaggression pact in August • A secret part of the pact was the division of certain Eastern European nations including Poland between the two countries – Germany invades Poland on September 1, 1939, two days later Britain and France declared war on Germany, World War II had begun • Lightning War – Germany used a new war tactic to quickly defeat Poland • Blitzkrieg (lightning war): involved a fast concentrated air and land attack that took the enemy by surprise. – Germany defeats Poland in less than a month • In Mid-September, the Soviet Union joined the war and took the Eastern half of Poland as part of the German-Soviet pact Section 17.2 Section 17.2 • War in the West – After Poland falls, a tense waiting period begins, the American press dubs the “phony war” sets in – France hoped its impressive defenses at the FranceGerman border, the Maginot Line would keep the Germans at bay – On April 9, 1940, Hitler invades and conquers Denmark and Norway – May 10, 1940 • Germany launches a blitzkrieg attack on Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg conquering each nation within three weeks – Dunkirk • German troops had surrounded an army of British and French troops at the city of Dunkirk • Miraculously, in nine days, a makeshift fleet of every available ship came from England and transported all 340,000 troops safely back to Britain Section 17.2 • The Fall of France – June 10th • The French abandon Paris • Italy declares war on Britain and France – June 14th • German troops enter Paris – June 22nd • France surrenders • According to the surrender terms, Germany took control of Northern France • Part of Southern France went to Spain • The remaining unoccupied portion of France with a capital at Vichy, would become Vichy France with a policy of collaboration (close cooperation) with Germany Section 17.2 • The Battle of Britain – New British Prime Minister Winston Churchill prepares Britain for German invasion after France falls – Hitler begins with his Lufwaffe (air force) in August 1940 launching the greatest air assault the world had ever seen – In early September, Hitler orders the bombing of London to break the will of the British people – Britain’s Royal Air Force (RAF) courageous fought the Lufwaffe that greatly outnumbered them • The RAF never allowed the Germans to gain air superiority, which was the condition Hitler set before he would order an invasion of Britain – The average British citizen kept their will despite the bombings that killed 20,000 Londoners Section 17.3 • Japan Builds an Empire – Growing Military Power • In the early 1920s, recession hit the Japanese economy only to worsen with the Great Depression • Several radical nationalist factions formed in response to the apparent weakness of the government to solve the economic problems – These groups assassinated politicians and business leaders trying to force the military to take over the government – Manchurian Incident • Japan lacked the land needed to feed its rising population and the raw materials and markets needed to power the Japanese economy – In September 1931, a Japanese army took maters into their own hands by starting a war with China over the nation of Manchuria without the permission of the civilian Japanese government Section 17.3 • Manchurian Incident Continued – By February 1932, the Japanese army had conquered most of Manchuria – Japan renamed Manchuria, Manchukuo, which was a puppet state (a nation under the control of a more powerful neighbor nation) of Japan – The League of Nations demanded Japan leave Manchukuo, so the Japanese withdrew from the league – Although the power of the military in government greatly increased, it never overthrew the civilian government • However, when it come to foreign policy, the military was now in control Section 17.3 • War against China – In July 1937, Japan used a minor clash near the Marco Polo bridge to go to war with China – By August, Japan controlled Beijing and Tianjin and was moving in on the rest of northern China • The Chinese nationalist army under Jiang Jieshi fought bravely, but the Chinese manpower advantage could not overcome the superior weapons of the Japanese – “Rape of Nanjing” • Japanese soldiers brutalized/killed at least 100,000 civilians including women and children Section 17.3 • War with China continued – The U.S. and other nations condemn Japan • U.S. does nothing as Neutrality laws prohibit U.S. intervention in foreign conflicts • The Soviet Union sent warplanes and advisors to China • Britain sent supplies via the Burma Road (700-mile long highway linking Burma to China – War brings the leaders of the Nationalist (Jiang) and the Communist (Mao Zedong) factions together fighting against the Japanese – War becomes a stalemate by 1939 Section 17.3 • Looking beyond China – In 1940, Japan’s Prime Minister announced a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere • To be led by the Japanese and would extend from Manchuria to the Dutch East Indies • Japan said it wanted to liberate Asia from European domination – In reality Japan wanted the land and the resources – Tripartite Pact • Japan allies with Germany and Italy – April 1941 • Japan signs a neutrality pact with the USSR Section 17.4 • The United States chooses neutrality – In 1930, Congress passed the Hawley-Smoot tariff to protect American industries from foreign competitors – Neutrality Acts • Banned the U.S. from providing weapons to nations at war • Banned loans to nations at war • Permitted trading with nations at war for nonmilitary goods as long as said nation at war paid with cash and transported the cargo themselves (cash and carry) Section 17.4 • American involvement grows – Debating the American Role • After the invasion of Poland, FDR asks Congress to revise the Neutrality Acts – Revisions allowed the U.S. to sell weapons to the Allies and to transport those goods with American ships – On September 2, 1940, the U.S. agreed to send 50 old destroyers to Britain in return for permission to build bases on British territory in the Western hemisphere – America First Committee » Group of isolationists formed to block any further aid to Britain » At its height it had 800,000 members including Charles Lindbergh – Lend-Lease Act • In March 1941, Authorized FDR to aid any nation whose defense he believed was vital to American security • FDR would give/loan more than $49 billion in aid to over 40 nations especially Britain and later the USSR Section 17.4 • Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor – In 1940, FDR began limited what Japan could buy from the U.S. – In 1941, in response to Japan taking French Indochina, FDR froze all of Japan’s financial assets in the U.S. • Then FDR cut off oil shipments to Japan – Final Weeks of Peace • Japanese and American diplomats were negotiating to maintain the peace – Meanwhile, General Tojo Hideki became Prime Minister and supported war with the U.S. in October of 1941 • By November 27, the U.S. had cracked the Japanese secret code and discovered the coming of an attack by the Japanese, but the U.S. did not know where the Japanese were going to strike Section 17.4 • Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor continued – The attack • December 7, 1941 – Over 180 Japanese warplanes bombed or strafed (attacked with machine guns), half of the U.S. Pacific fleet and airfields nearby – In less than two hours, 2,400 Americans were dead, 1,200 wounded, 200 warplanes were destroyed or damaged, 18 warships were sunk or damaged badly, including 8 of the nine battleships – The Japanese only lost 29 planes • The U.S. declares war – “A date that will live in infamy” – Within hours of the attack, Congress passed a war resolution against the Empire of Japan – On December 11, Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S. – The U.S. was now in yet another world war Section 18.1 • Mobilizing the Armed Forces – Selective Training and Service Act • Passed by Congress in 1940 as the first peacetime draft • Required all males 21 to 36 to register for military service – Defense budget rises from $2 billion to $10 billion • The GI War – Over 16 million Americans served as soldiers, sailors, and aviators in the war • They called themselves GIs (Government Issue) Section 18.1 • Diversity in the Armed Forces – More than 300,000 Mexican Americans served in the war – Some 25,000 Native Americans served • “Code talkers” Native Americans that created a secret code using the Navajo language that the Germans or Japanese never cracked – Over a million African Americans served • Were in segregated units and were in mostly support roles – 350,000 women volunteered for military service and were clerks, mechanics, photographers, and other non-combat roles Section 18.1 • Preparing the Economy for War – War production • War Production Board (WPB) – Directed industry to convert from consumer goods and products to war goods and products • Office of War Mobilization – Served as a super-agency in the centralization of resources • Each year, the U.S. would raise its production goals – By 1944, U.S. production double that of all the Axis nations combined – The wartime workforce • War production created millions of new good paying jobs, finally ending the unemployment of the depression • Union membership rose by 1.5 million with the massive job creation – By 1945, union membership increased to almost 15 million • Financing the war – Federal spending increased from $8.9 billion in 1939 to over $95 billion a year in 1945 • Overall the government spent $321 billion during the war – This massive spending finally brought the economy out of the Great Depression, but increased the national debt from $43 billion to $259 billion Section 18.1 Section 18.1 • Daily Life on the Home Front – Shortages and Controls • Familiar consumer goods were unavailable – Metal to make zippers and typewriters went to make guns – Rubber made tires for army jeeps not bicycles • Office of Price Administration (OPA) – Job was to control inflation – Oversaw the rationing of food and goods during the war » Assigned point values to certain foods and distributed coupon books worth a certain amount of points to buy rationed goods Section 18.1 • Popular Culture – Popular song: “White Christmas” – People read more books – 60% of the population went to the movies each year – Many flocked to baseball games • Many top players went off to war • Enlisting Public Support – Office of War Information (June 1942) • Worked with writers, magazine publishers, radio stain owners, artists to promote public support for the war effort – Victory garden: home garden made to replace food bought at the store so that food can go right to the troops Section 18.2 • Americans Join the Struggle – Atlantic Charter • Agreement between FDR and Winston Churchill about the aims of the Allies during and after WWII – Battle of the Atlantic • After the U.S. entered the war, German u-boats (submarines) began attacks on merchant ships near the American coast – U-boat sank nearly 175 ships in June 1942 alone – Eventually better tactics and defensive weapons (subhunting aircraft halt much of the u-boat activity in the Atlantic Section 18.2 • North Africa Campaign – August 1940 • A British army battles an Italian army in the Egyptian and Libyan deserts – February 1941 • Hitler sends General Rommel (Desert Fox) and a German army to aid the failing Italian Army – November 1942 • In months after his arrival, Rommel wins several battles pushing back the British army, but fails to take Egypt • In November, the British under General Montgomery defeat Rommel at the battle of El Alamein sending the German and Italian armies in retreat Section 18.2 • North Africa Campaign continued… – November 1942 • Allies land in Vichy France territories of Morocco and Algeria under the command of General Dwight D. Eisenhower and pushed eastward • February 1943 – American forces defeated trying to defend Kasserine Pass • Americans learn from defeat and in May 1943, the Allies trap the Axis forces in North Africa forcing over 250,000 Axis troops to surrender against Hitler’s command Section 18.2 • Casablanca (January 1943) – FDR and Churchill meet again to map out the strategy for the rest of the war • Decide to focus on defeating Hitler before defeating Japan • Only would accept unconditional surrender from Germany • Invasion of Italy – July 1943 • U.S. 7th Army under General Patton invaded the island of Sicily • Italians lose faith in Mussolini and his fascist party votes to remove him from office and King Emmanuel III has him arrested – Hitler sends troops to free Mussolini and install him as dictator in Northern Italy • Invasion of Italy continued – September 1943 • Allies near Rome and the Italian government surrenders – October 1943 • Italian government now under Allied control declares war on Germany – May 1944 • German defenses in Northern Italy under the command of Mussolini are broken • Rome is finally captured in June 1944 – April 1945 • German troops in Italy fully surrender • Mussolini is shot and hung Section 18.2 Section 18.2 • War in the Soviet Union – In Mein Kampf, Hitler talks of conquering the USSR for German “living space” – Invasion of USSR begins on June 22, 1941 • 3.6 million Axis troops march into Russia • 3 million poorly trained Russian troops opposed German forces • The German Luftwaffe easily gained air supremacy Section 18.2 • War in USSR continued – The USSR army is in full retreat and on Stalin’s orders destroys everything they pass by to deprive the Germans of anything • The Axis forces advance several hundred miles in the USSR nearing Moscow and surrounding Leningrad (St. Petersburg) • Stalin begs the Allies to open a second front to relieve pressure on Russia, FDR and Churchill do nothing – Battle of Stalingrad • The Russian winter stops the German advance in October • The Red army makes a stand at Stalingrad • The Germans began firebombing and shelling the city in September 1942 that lasted two months • In mid-November using the harsh winter as an ally, the Soviets counterattacked that left the German army surrounded (Hitler ordered that the army could not surrender) • On January 31, 1943: the remaining German army surrendered • Germany lost 330,000 troops at Stalingrad and the battle turned the tide of war resulting in the USSR pushing the Germans back out of Russia • Allied Air War Section 18.2 – By 1943, Royal Air Force and other Allied pilots began a campaign of carpet bombing (planes scattered large numbers of bombs over a wide area) causing high German causalities – By 1944, Allied commanders were conducting coordinated air raids, American planes by day and British planes by night Section 18.2 • The Invasion of Western Europe – D-day • June 6, 1944 – Some 4,600 invasion craft and warships slipped out of their harbors in England – 1,000 RAF bombers began an air bombardment – 150,000 Allied troops began to come ashore along 60 miles of the Normandy (region in France) coast » Largest landing by sea in history • Within a week of the landing, half a million troops had come ashore despite the fierce German resistance – Liberation of France • With D-day complete, the Allies began to expand into occupied France meeting intense resistance • In August, General Patton broke through the lines • In August 1944, a French division of the U.S. army liberated Paris from Nazi control • Battle of the Bulge (December 1944) – Germany launches a counterattack in Belgium and Luxemburg against the Allied push towards Berlin • The Germans smashed into the U.S. First army pushing it back and forming a bulge in the Allied line, thus the battle gets its name – With reinforcements from General Patton’s forces and within a few weeks the Germans are knocked back allowing the Allied advance to continue • 80,000 Allied casualties • 100,000 Nazi causalities Section 18.2 Section 18.2 • The War in Europe ends – The Soviet Advance • At any given time 9 million soldiers were battling on the Eastern front – Some 11 million Soviets died and 3million Axis troops died on this front • April 1945 – Soviet troops fought their way to Berlin – The Germans fought bitterly in Berlin against the Soviet army • April 25, 1945 – The Red army meets up with American troops near the Elbe River – April 30, 1945 • Hitler commits suicide – May 8, 1945 • Germany surrendered the day is called V-E Day (Victory in Europe Day) • Yalta Conference – February 1945 • Months before Germany surrendered, FDR, Churchill, and Stalin meet in Yalta to discuss a postwar world – Germany and Berlin were going to be split into four zones controlled by Britain, the U.S., the U.S.S.R., and France – Stalin agreed to free elections in Eastern Europe and join the war against Japan after Germany surrenders » Stalin will not keep his promise of free elections planting the seeds of the Cold War Section 18.2 Section 18.3 • Persecution in Germany – Hitler made anti-Semitism (hatred of Jews) official policy in Germany in 1933 • Nazi Policies – Exclude Jews from all aspects of social, political, and economic life in Germany – April 1, 1933 • Nazis ordered one day boycott of Jewish businesses – In 1935, Jews are stripped of German citizenship and forbid marriage between Jews and non-Jews via the Nuremberg laws – Jewish businesses taken over and given to Aryan Germans • Jews were forced to wear yellow ‘Stars of David” on their clothes to identify themselves as Jews Section 18.3 • Hitler’s Police – The Gestapo was Hitler’s secret police and the S.S. (Schutzstaffel) was the private army of the Nazi party • They combine in 1939 – The S.S. guarded concentration camps (camps for political prisoners) • • • • • • Jews Communists Homosexuals Jehovah’s Witnesses Gypsies Homeless Section 18.3 • Kristallnacht – In English, “Night of Terror” • November 9, 1938 – Nazi thugs throughout Germany and Austria looted and destroyed Jewish stores, houses, and synagogues – The Nazis arrested thousands of Jews and shipped them off to concentration camps – German Jews fined to pay for the damages • Refugees – 130,000 Jews flee from Germany from 1933 to 1937 • Sadly many industrial nations including the U.S. refused to allow more immigrants into their nations limiting Jews from fleeing Germany’s persecution Section 18.3 • From Murder to Genocide – As German conquered Europe, more and more Jews (2 million from Poland) are shipped off to camps • Warsaw ghetto – An area in Poland’s capital where Nazis confined 400,000 Jews by placing walls and barb wire around the area, which was guarded by S.S. troops » Jews could not leave and received little food causing thousands to die each month – Einsatzgruppen • Mobile killing squads sent into the Soviet Union during its invasion – These squads went around killing Communist political leaders and Jews leaving their bodies in shallow graves – Wannsee Conference • January 1942, Nazi officials meet to agree on a new approach to mass murder Jews – They devise the “final solution to the Jewish questions” » Camps were to be created to completely wipe out the Jewish people (genocide) Section 18.3 • The Death Camps – Nazis saw poison gas as the most effective way to kill people • Nazis placed rooms that looked like showers at several death camps, but once in the room poison gas was released • Death camps, the most famous being Auschwitz existed primarily for mass murder • Jews were herded like cattle off to these camps – Once there, they were inspected and the weak (elderly, children, and women with children) were gassed immediately and their bodies were cremated – Those not killed were worked to death Section 18.3 • Death Camps continued – Living conditions • One pair of clothes • Slept in crowded, unheated barracks • Fed imitation coffee, soup made with rotted vegetables, and stale bread • Some were tortured others were killed in bizarre and inhumane medical experiments – The number of victims • At Auschwitz, 12,000 people were gassed and cremated in a single day – In total 1.5 million people killed at Auschwitz • Fighting Back – Some Jews formed resistance movements that attacked camps and sabotaged efforts to transport Jews to camps – An uprising in the Warsaw ghetto occurs in 1942, but was harshly crushed by the Nazis Section 18.3 • Rescue and Liberation – The U.S. knew about the Holocaust since 1942, but did little to stop it – War Refugee Board (WRB) • Created in January 1944 by FDR to help people threatened by the Nazis – The WRB saved over 200,000 lives – As the Allies advanced towards Germany in 1944, the Germans moved Jews and other prisoners from camps outside Germany to ones inside • American soldiers saw the horrors of the Holocaust up front in 1945 when the first camp was liberated • After the war, several high ranking Nazi officials were tried for crimes against humanity in Nuremberg, Germany (Nuremberg Trials November 1945) – 12 Nazis received death penalties out of 24 defendants – In the end, 6 million Jews were killed in the Holocaust • 2/3 of Europe’s Jewish population – 5 to 6 million “others” homosexuals, communist, prisoners of war, gypsies, and homeless were exterminated The Horrors of the Holocaust The Horrors of the Holocaust The Horrors of the Holocaust Section 18.4 • The Japanese Advance (1941-1942) – By early March 1942, Japan overran the British strongholds in Hong Kong, seized the Dutch East Indies, and invaded Burma. – The Philippines Fall • The main island of Bataan surrenders in April 1942 • The Philippine government completely surrenders on May 6 • The Bataan Death March – 10,000 Pilipino and American prisoners forced to march for 6 to 12 days straight » Many died during the march of exhaustion, others seen as weak by the Japanese were executed » Prisoners that survived the march were sent to prison camps, where an additional 15,000 soldiers died – China officially joins the Allies on December 9, 1941 and the Allies send them supplies to defend Burma from the Japanese Section 18.4 • The War at Sea – The Pacific fleet’s three aircraft carriers were not at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, which would be crucial for American victory against Japan – Battle of the Coral Sea (May 1942) • American fleet engaged the Japanese near Australia – The five day battle cost both sides half their planes » The American carrier Lexington was destroyed and Yorktown was badly damaged » The Japanese had one carrier sank, one lose all its planes, and another put out of commission » This battle though a draw stopped a Japanese invasion of Australia Section 18.4 • Allied Victories Turn the Tide – The Battle of Midway (June 4, 1942) • Japanese Admiral Yamamoto Isoroku (mastermind of the Pearl Harbor attack) sent a large part of the Japanese navy to invade Midway Island and destroy the American Pacific fleet under Admiral Nimitz • The battle was entirely from the air – Americans sank three of the four heavy Japanese carriers as they were refueling – The two American aircraft carriers (Enterprise and Hornet were unharmed – In total, the Japanese lost four carriers, some 250 planes, and many of its most skilled pilots – After this battle, the Japanese were unable to go on the offensive and fought the rest of the war on the defensive Section 18.4 • Allied Victories Turn the Tide Continued… – Battle of Guadalcanal (August 1942) • Guadalcanal was an island the Japanese controlled and were building an airfield that could threaten the U.S. with • 11,000 American marines land on the island and face 2,200 Japanese defenders in thick jungles • The battle lasts five months and while the soldiers fought on the island, several fierce naval battles occurred • American forces took the island in February 1943 • Struggle for Islands Section 18.4 – Island-hopping • Military strategy the U.S. use of selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others • Between 1943 and 1944, the U.S. captured Taiwan, the Marshall Islands, and ports in the Mariana Islands – Philippines Campaign (October 1944) • 160,000 American troops invaded the Philippine island of Leyte • Off the coast of Leyte, the greatest naval battle in world history began (Battle of Leyte Gulf) – The battle lasts three days and involves 280 warships – The every Japanese warship attacked the American navy » The Japanese began using kamikazes (suicide bombers) – The Japanese navy is utterly destroyed • After several months of fierce battle, the Philippines were fully liberated in June 1945 Section 18.4 • Battle of Iwo Jima (November 1944) – One of the bloodiest battles of the war • For 74 days, American planes and warships poured 7,000 tons of bombs and 20,000 shells unto the Japanese defenders – American troops landed on the island in February 1945 • It took 110,000 American troops a month to conquer the island’s 25,000 defenders – Only 216 Japanese were taken as prisoners • Battle of Okinawa (April to June 1945) – 100,000 Japanese defenders on the tiny island pledged to fight the death • 180,000 U.S. troops stormed the beaches – The Japanese made banzai charges (attacks in which a soldier tries to kill as many enemy troops before they are killed) against the Americans • After three months of intense fighting only 7,200 Japanese remained to surrender – 50,000 American causalities made this battle the costliness of the war Section 18.4 • The Manhattan Project – In August 1939, FDR received a letter from Einstein stating the Germans were developing a bomb more powerful than any bomb ever • In response, FDR created the Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb • On July 16, 1945, Manhattan Project scientist field-tested the first atomic bomb in New Mexico • Ending the war against Japan – The options • Massive invasion of Japan, expected cost a million American lives • Naval blockade to starve Japan, along with continued conventional bombing • A demonstration of the atomic bomb on a deserted island to pressure Japan to surrender • A softening of Allied demands for an unconditional surrender • Using the atomic bomb directly on the Japanese mainland Section 18.4 • Dropping the Bomb – The decision to drop the atomic bomb is made by the new president, Harry Truman (FDR died in April 1945) – August 6, 1945 • A single atomic bomb dropped on the city of Hiroshima – 80,000 died in the blast – 90% of the buildings destroyed or badly damaged • August 9, 1945 Section 18.4 – The U.S. drops another atomic bomb on the city of Nagasaki – August 14, 1945 • Japan surrenders ending the Second World War • V-J Day (Victory in Japan Day) – Japan’s formal surrender agreement was signed on September 2, 1945 aboard the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay • African Americans Section 18.5 – June 25, 1941 • FDR signs executive order opening jobs and job training programs in defense plants to all Americans regardless of race – During the war, African Americans (2 million) migrated from the South to the North for jobs • Faced the opportunity of work with extreme segregation into urban ghettos – June 1943 • Race riot in Detroit ends in 34 people being killed and millions of dollars in damage – Blacks and whites in segregated units in the military – Congress on Racial Equality (CORE) • Founded in 1942 • Believed in using nonviolence techniques to end racism • Mexican Americans – Braceros • Mexican farm workers brought to the U.S. because of an agricultural worker shortage • 200,000 come to the U.S. and live in barrios (Spanish Speaking neighbors) – Zoot Suit Riots • Zoot suits are outfits worn by Mexican American youth • Zoot-suiters are beat up by soldier on leave for looking un-American • Early in June 1943, street fighting between zoot-suiters and soldiers escalated into full blown riots – Navy began restricting where sailors could go on leave Section 18.5 • Native Americans – 25,000 joined the armed forces – 23,000 worked in war industries • • • Section 18.5 • Those who moved off the reservation for work rarely returned to the reservation after the war Japanese Americans – Hostility against Japanese Americans increased after the Pearl Harbor attacks – As a result of prejudices and fears of Japanese Americas being spies, FDR signed an executive order that removed 110,000 Japanese (Americans and nonAmericans alike) to internment camps for the remainder of the war • Being removed from their homes cost the Japanese their property, businesses, and belongings • The camps were in desolate areas like deserts and the shelter in the camps were wooden barracks covered in tar paper – Armed guards and barbwire fences surrounded the camps – They were allowed to leave the camps in 1945 and were given compensation in 1988 for being interned 17,000 would serve in the armed services (most being Nisei [citizens born to Japanese immigrant parents]) Most famous Japanese regiment is the 442nd Regimental Combat Team – No Japanese soldiers served in the Pacific war, only the European • Working Women – New Kinds of jobs Section 18.5 • WWII brought women into different parts of the workforce – High paying war industry job pulled women away from traditional women’s jobs – 19.4 million women were in the workforce by 1944 » Women at one point were 35% of the workforce – Rosie the Riveter » Fictional character created in the war to attract women into defense industries – After the war • Women either because they saw working during a war as patriotic but once over wanted to return to being a homemaker or because of the pressure on women by men and the government would leave the labor force and return to their homes after the war – Some continued to work however getting a new pride out of being in the workforce