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Chapter 12
Renaissance & Reformation
The Italian Renaissance
• Renaissance," French for "rebirth," perfectly describes
the intellectual and economic changes that occurred in
Europe from the fourteenth through the sixteenth
centuries.
The Italian Renaissance con’t
• During the era , Europe emerged from the economic
stagnation of the Middle Ages and experienced a time of
financial growth. Also, and perhaps most importantly, the
Renaissance was an age in which artistic, social,
scientific, and political thought turned in new directions.
Renaissance Facts
• Marks the beginning of what historians term “modern history”
• Made possible by recovery of trade and commerce after the
chaos of Late Middle Ages
• Began roughly around 1400 AD, first in northern Italy and then
gradually throughout the rest of Western Europe
• Means “rebirth”
• Revival of wisdom and achievements of ancient Rome
• Saw Middle Ages as a bleak period of ignorance and superstition,
presided over by a Church which stifled creativity and freedom of
expression – “Dark Ages”
• Looked to Ancient World for inspiration
• Focused on Humanism – emphasis in art and philosophy on man
and his aspirations, thoughts, desires, and achievements
The Spread of Knowledge
• When Johannes
Gutenberg invented the
printing press in 1445, he
forever changed the lives
of people in Europe and,
eventually, all over the
world. Previously,
bookmaking entailed
copying all the words and
illustrations by hand.
• Often the copying had been done onto parchment,
animal skin that had been scraped until it was clean,
smooth, and thin.
• The labor that went into creating them made each book
very expensive.
The Spread of Knowledge
• Because Gutenberg's
press could produce
books quickly and with
relatively little effort,
bookmaking became
much less expensive,
allowing more people to
buy reading material.
• intellectual life soon was no longer the exclusive domain of
church and court, and literacy became a necessity of urban
existence.
• The printing press stoked intellectual fires at the end of the
Middle Ages, helping usher in an era of enlightenment.
Printing Press
The Spread of Knowledge
• This great cultural rebirth was inspired
by widespread access to and
appreciation for classical art and
literature, and these translated into a
renewed passion for artistic expression.
• As the demand for books grew, the
book trade began to flourish throughout
Europe, and industries related to it,
such as papermaking, thrived as well.
The result of all of this was a more
literate populace and a stronger
economy.
• Without the development of the
printing press, the Renaissance
may never have happened.
Humanism Emerges
• Books also helped to
spread awareness of a
new philosophy:
Humanism.
Renaissance scholars
known as humanists
returned to the works of
ancient writers.
• Previously, during the Middle Ages, scholars had been
guided by the teachings of the church, and people had
concerned themselves with actions leading to heavenly
rewards.
• The writings of ancient, pagan Greece and Rome, called
the "classics," had been greatly ignored.
Humanism Emerges
• To study the classics,
humanists learned to
read Greek and ancient
Latin, and they sought out
manuscripts that had lain
undisturbed for nearly
2,000 years.
• The humanists rediscovered writings on scientific matters,
government, rhetoric, philosophy, and art : The Humanities.
• They were influenced by the knowledge of these ancient
civilizations and by the emphasis placed on man, his
intellect, and his life on Earth.
• Niccolo Machiavelli
HUMANISM
• Fused knowledge of ancient Rome with
his practical experience as diplomat
from Florence
• Wrote The Prince –advice book for
rulers
• Moral and religious considerations of
“right” and “wrong” had no place in
politics
• All that counted was whether an action
benefited a ruler and his state
• Ends justified the means
• Brutally realistic but good example of
humanistic emphasis on man
The Prince
RENAISSANCE ART
• Derivative in some ways
(architects merely copied Roman
styles)
• Truly original in painting.
• Why? Desire to be realistic, to
recreate on canvas what the eye
actually saw
Renaissance Art
• Developed new techniques to
accomplish this
– Preliminary sketches
– Attention to shadow and light
– Attention to pose, costume, and
setting
– Perspective
– Anatomically accurate figure
drawing
– Fresco: painting on wet plaster to
give painting depth and
dimension.
Renaissance Artists
• Michelangelo (orange)
• Raphael (red)
• Donatello (purple)
• Leonardo (blue)
Michelangelo
• Painter, Sculptor, and
Architect
–
–
–
–
Sistine Chapel
David
Moses
Creation of Adam
Sistine Chapel
David
Moses
Creation of Adam
Donatello
• Artist and Sculptor
– St. Mark
Leonardo Da Vinci
• Realistic Painter, master of the
human body
– Last Supper
– Mona Lisa
– Sketches (Anatomy)
Raphael
• Painter: Known for
Frescos
– School of Athens
– Women with a Veil
School of Athens
RAPHAEL
PYTHAGORAS
RENAISSANCE WRITERS
• Vernacular literature (writing in a
spoken language instead of Latin)
– New literary forms
– New stylistic devices
– Growth of national literatures
• William Shakespeare
– Greatest national writer
– Author of sonnets
– Author of numerous plays
• Midsummer’s Night Dream
• Hamlet
• Romeo and Juliet
• MacBeth
The Protestant Reformation
• The name given to the
religious reform
movement, begun by
Martin Luther, that
divided the western
Church into Catholic and
Protestant groups.
– Produced powerful new religious ideas
– Created a number of new Christian denominations (Protestants)
– Sparked Catholic Counter-Reformation
– Unleashed wave of terrible religious wars
PROBLEMS WITH THE CHURCH
– Had become corrupt, distracted
from original mission and
influenced by humanistic ideas
– Popes more concerned with art,
literature, politics, and luxury
more than religion
– Alexander VI –pope with
illegitimate children,
mistresses. Engaged in
military campaigns and
murders.
ABUSES
– Simony (selling
church offices)
– Pluralism (holding
more than one
church office at a
time)
– Clerical immorality
– Clerical ignorance
Erasmus
•The best known Christian
humanist was Desiderius
Erasmus.
• This reform would occur through developing inner piety, or religious
feeling, based on studying the works of Christianity.
• He developed what he called “the philosophy of Christ,” meant to show
people how to live good lives on a daily basis rather than how to achieve
salvation.
• He stressed inward piety, not external observance of rules and rituals.
Erasmus
• To reform the Church, Erasmus
wanted to:
•
spread the philosophy of Christ
•
educate people about Christianity
•
and criticize the abuses of the
Church.
• In his 1509 book The Praise of Folly, he especially criticized
the monks.
• Erasmus did not want to break away from the Church, as
later reformers would He simply wanted to “reform” it.
• Yet people of his day said, “Erasmus laid the egg that
Luther hatched.”
MARTIN LUTHER
• 1483-1546 Born into middle-class
family
• Supposed to go to law school but
defied father and went to seminary to
become monk
• Suffered from intense personal
religious crisis
– Personal salvation
– Church taught that faith in Jesus
plus good works earned salvation
– Luther performed good works but
did not feel he was saved
Martin Luther
• Martin Luther was a monk and
professor at the University of
Wittenberg, where he lectured
on the Bible.
• Through his study of the Bible, Luther came to reject the
Catholic teaching that both faith and good works were
necessary for salvation.
• He believed human deeds were powerless to affect God
and that salvation was through faith alone.
• God grants salvation to the faithful because he is merciful.
MARTIN LUTHER
• Bothered by sale of indulgences
– Permission not to do penance
for forgiveness of sins
– Pieces of paper sold by
Church
– People believed they could
buy their way into Heaven
• Hit on new doctrine of salvation
while preparing a lecture on
epistles of St. Paul
– A person is saved by faith in
Jesus alone
LUTHER GOES PUBLIC
• Posted “95 Theses” on door
of local cathedral to start
debate on issue of
indulgences
• Church won’t debate and
forces Luther to take
increasingly extreme
positions
– Pope had no power over
Christians
– He was a fraud
• Excommunicated in 1520
• For all Protestants, the Bible, not the Church, became the
only source of religious truth.
• Edict of Worms Declared him an outlaw of the Empire
As the Reformation spreads
• Different forms of Protestantism emerged in Europe as
the Reformation spread.
JOHN CALVIN: Calvinism
• French
• Controlled Swiss city of Geneva
• Doctrine
– Stressed overwhelming power of God and
insignificance of man
– Predestination
• God is all-knowing
• He therefore knows everything we will do in
our life before we do it
• Knew from the beginning of time whether
an individual would be saved or not
• No human being deserves salvation
• God, for unknown reasons, has decided it
save some. They will be notified.
• People must behave in certain way to show
gratitude for salvation
CALVINISTS
• Followers
– Puritans in England
– Presbyterians in
Scotland
MAJOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CALVIN
AND LUTHER WAS PREDESTINATION
•
Calvin believed that God had determined in advance those
that would go to Heaven.
Reformation in England
• Mostly between Henry VIII and the Church of
England
•
Motivated by personal and political reasons
– Wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon and
marry Anne Boleyn
– Pope refused
•
Pulled England out of Catholic Church in 1534 and
created Church of England
•
Kept most traditional Catholic practices and
doctrines
– Only difference was that Church answered to
king, not pope
– Opened way for gradual “Protestantization” of
England
COUNTER-REFORMATION
• Organized by Pope Paul III
• Established new missionary and teaching
orders
– Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
– Founded by Ignatius Loyola
– Improve educational and spiritual care
of lay people
• Council of Trent
– 1545-1563
– Ended simony and pluralism
– Ended sale of indulgences
– Established severe punishments for
immorality and corruption
– Established new seminaries
– Reaffirmed traditional Catholic views on
theological points challenged by
Protestants
• set stage for Age of Religious Wars