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CLASS SET - don’t take from the class! European Exploration Charts – Information Packet [Unit 3 – Age of Navigation] 1. Bartolomeu Dias (1487-88) Bartolomeu Dias (1457-1500) was to continue the work of previous Portuguese explorers and to conduct advance reconnaissance [investigation] about the African coast, but to him goes the credit of circumnavigating the Cape of Good Hope. Sailing from Tagus in 1487, Dias coasted south and placed a pillar at a Voyage of Bartolomeu Dias headland now known as Dias Point. When the voyage resumed, a favoring wind turned Initial trip into a gale [storm]. For thirteen days, the gale blew from the north and carried the Return trip Portuguese ships far beyond the Cape of Good Hope into the South Atlantic where no previous European had been. As the wind finally died down, Dias steered east and north until he found land again at Mossel Bay. Unaware that he had passed beyond the southern tip of Africa, Dias continued his voyage past Algo Bay. It was at this point where the coastline changes from east to north-east that it became clear that the southernmost point of the continent had been passed. This was uncharted territory for European sailors and rather than risk certain mutiny, Dias yielded to the demands of his crew and charted a course back to Europe. As they rounded the tip again, Dias Cape of Good Hope named the location the Cape of Good Hope. The name "Good Hope" was designed as an optimistic reminder that the overall objective was to find a sea-route to Asia. Dias returned home having traveled a remarkable 11,000 kilometers south. 2. Christopher Columbus (1492-93) When the Turks captured Constantinople in 1453, the price of Asian trade goods had gone sky-high in Europe. There was a fortune to be made if a route to "the Indies" -- China, India, and Japan, the great civilizations of East Asia -- could be found, a route that bypassed the Muslim-controlled territories of the Middle East. Columbus devised a scheme to do just that: he would sail west across the "Ocean Sea", going the long way around the world, and arrive at China from the east. He tried to interest King John of Portugal in his plan, but the Portuguese were working on their own exploration route going down the coast 1 CLASS SET - don’t take from the class! European Exploration Charts – Information Packet [Unit 3 – Age of Navigation] of Africa, and weren't interested. So, Columbus was able to interest the Spanish court in his "Enterprise of the Indies." The little fleet of three ships left on August 3, 1492. The admiral's navigational genius showed itself immediately, for they sailed southward to the Canary Islands, off the northwest African mainland, rather than sailing due west to the islands of the Azores. The westerlies [winds blowing from west to east] prevailing in the Azores had defeated previous attempts to sail to the west, but in the Canaries the three ships could pick up the northeast trade winds; supposedly, they could trust the westerlies for their return. On several occasions during their voyage sailors spotted floating vegetation and various types of birds—all taken as signs that land was nearby. But by October 10 the crew had begun to lose patience, complaining that with their failure to make landfall, contrary winds and a shortage of provisions would keep them from returning home. Luckily for Columbus, land was sighted from the Pinta on October 12 (though Columbus, on the Niña, later claimed the privilege for himself). The land Columbus found was not nearly so rich in gold and other luxuries as he expected, though he did gather enough to save him from ridicule when he returned to Spain – and to encourage further voyages and exploration to the “New World”. 3. Vasco da Gama (1497-98) Da Gama set sail from Lisbon [capital of Portugal] and then stopped at the Cape Verde Islands. Because da Gama was familiar with the wind patterns of the Atlantic, he worked his ships on a south by south-east course before making a wide sweep westwards to reach the currents and winds he would need to round the Cape of Good Hope - or so he thought. Unfortunately, da Gama miscalculated and after traveling over 6,000 kilometers in ninety-three days all of which occurred out of the sight of land - his ships barely reached the Cape of Good Hope. The sheer distance covered by da Gama was three times the distance traveled by Christopher Columbus during his first voyage to Hispaniola in 1492. There were numerous disappointments on this voyage: da Gama's progress up the south-eastern coast of Africa was 2 CLASS SET - don’t take from the class! European Exploration Charts – Information Packet [Unit 3 – Age of Navigation] tediously slow and encounters with indigenous populations revealed that conversion to Christianity would not be as easy as hoped. Finally, however, the Portuguese captain reached the tip of the Indian Ocean. The Portuguese were finally on the edge of the Asian markets they had searched many years to find. Thus began, as the historian K.M. Panikar noted, the “Vasco da Gama epoch” of Asian history. That is, the era of history when European nations alone controlled the seas - until the emergence of Japan and the United States as major naval powers at the end of the nineteenth century. 4. Amerigo Vespucci (1497-1504) Amerigo Vespucci is important because he was one of the early explorers of the New World, and also because the continents of North and South America were named in his honor. (He was also known by the name of Americus Vespucci.) Amerigo Vespucci was born in Florence, Italy in 1454. He was well-educated by his uncle, and became a businessman involved in trading goods. That is how he became familiar with ships. He moved to Seville, Spain in 1491 to work in the trading business there. He was probably there when Christopher Columbus returned from his first journey to the New World. He then helped Columbus get ships ready for his second and third voyages to the New World. Vespucci was a skilled navigator. As a trader, he was very interested in finding a quicker way to sail to Asia. He went on at least two, and possibly four, voyages to Central and South America between 1497 and 1504 for Spain and Portugal. He went to many places, including Venezuela and Brazil. After his explorations in 15011502, he was one of the first explorers to come up with the idea that these places he had visited were not part of Asia (as Columbus thought) but rather were part of a "New World." In 1507, a pamphlet was published called "The Four Voyages of Amerigo" and the author suggested that the new land that Amerigo had explored be named in his honor. At first, the name of America was only meant to apply to South America, but later on, both continents of America became known by his name. 5. Ferdinand Magellan (1519-22) This Portuguese-born navigator was one of the great explorers of his era - the first European to cross the Pacific Ocean, he also played a crucial role in the first circumnavigation of the world. 3 CLASS SET - don’t take from the class! European Exploration Charts – Information Packet [Unit 3 – Age of Navigation] Ferdinand Magellan was born in 1480 into a noble Portuguese family. In 1505, he enlisted in the fleet of the Portuguese viceroy [governor] to the Indies, and spent the following years involved in a series of Portuguese expeditions in India and Africa. In 1511, he was with the fleet that conquered Malacca (on the Malay Peninsula), thus gaining control of the most important trade routes in the region. He also explored the islands of present-day Indonesia as far east as the Moluccas (also known as the Spice Islands). In 1512, Magellan returned to Lisbon, and the following year, he was wounded during an expedition to Morocco, which left him with a permanent limp. After a disagreement with the Portuguese king, in 1517 Magellan went to Spain to try and enlist the Spanish king's support for an expedition to reach the Moluccas by sailing westwards. The Spanish wanted a share in the valuable spice trade from the Moluccas, but the Portuguese controlled the eastwards route round southern Africa. Magellan was successful and in September 1519 set out with a fleet of five vessels. In spite of a mutinous crew, rough weather, scurvy, a desperate lack of provisions and unknown waters, Magellan managed to cross the Atlantic and navigate through the straits at the southern point of South America which were later named after him. Now with only three ships, Magellan sailed on into the Pacific with rapidly diminishing supplies, which led to many of the crew dying of starvation and scurvy. After around 14 weeks they reached an island, probably Guam, in the western Pacific. They then sailed on to the Philippines. On 27 April 1521, Magellan was killed there after becoming involved in a battle between two rival local chieftains. One ship from the fleet eventually reached Spain in September 1522, having completed a circumnavigation of the globe. 4