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Jacob Schulman
AP European History: Key Terms, People, Events, and other Important Facts
Unit 2: The Renaissance
Communes: Sworn associations of freemen seeking complete independence from local nobles
Urban Nobility: Result of sealed business contracts b/w rural nobility and mercantile aristocrats
Popolo: People that resented their exclusion from power; Established democratic governments that
failed to work (Signori-one man rulers; and Oligarchies-merchant aristocrats succeeded)
5 Main Italian City-States: Venice, Milan, Florence, Papal States, Naples (Monarch rulers)
Sforza Family: Milan; Medici Family: Florence
Savonarola: Friar, attacked religious/political issues in Florence, incl. Medici, corruption of Popes
Became religious leader of France, then was excommunicated
Charles VIII: French King, invaded Italy and got power of Florence, Naples, Rome in 1494
League of Cambrai: Louis XII of France, Pope, German Emperor make a pact to try and strip Venice
of its mainland possessions
Individualism: Disdain Christian humility; Stressed personality, uniqueness, genius, realize full
potential
Humanism: Emphasized human beings, their achievements, interests, capabilities (By studying the
Latin classics) (Coined by Leonardo Bruni)
Secularism: Basic concern with the material world instead of with the spiritual world; Fascination with
this world and life’s possibilities
Lorenzo Valla: On Pleasure, On the False Donation of Constantine- exposed a forged document that
gave the papacy jurisdiction over vast territory in Western Europe
Giovanni Boccaccio: The Decameron- Portrayed a worldly society
Ren. Popes: Didn’t stop it, influenced by wealthy merchant families (Julius II-St. Peter’s Basilica)
Petrarch: “Father of Humanism”; Look to the past to understand human nature
Leonardo Bruni: Coined “Humanism”; Believed that foundations of learning come from Latin
Pico Mirandola: Oration on the Dignity of Man- God created man in his image to admire universe
Machiavelli: The Prince- How do rulers keep power? Feared or Loved, Lion or Fox, “Ends justify
means”, negative view on human nature
“High Renaissance”: Period of art history, individuals and rulers use art to glorify themselves
Giotto: Renaissance Painter, use of realism
Donatello: sculptor
Masaccio: “Father of modern painting”, perspective, light and dark
Medieval (Gothic) Style vs RenaissanceLess focused on religious themes, realistic, natural bodies,
emotional, no halos, little gold leaf, natural background, light and shading, portraits
DaVinci: “Renaissance Man”, science, math, astronomy, art
Peter Paul Vergerio: Rhetoric training
Castiglione: The Courtier- describes the perfect gentleman
Laura Cereta: Women’s inferiority not derived from divine order, but from women themselves
Johann Gutenberg (1454): Movable type and printing press (used for propaganda, literacy)
Leon Battista Alberti: On the Family- wife’s role restricted to the household
Juan Luis Vives: Instruction of the Christian Woman- woman should stay home
“The Office of the Night”: Florentine order trying to root out sodomy
Northern Renaissance: More Christian in natureWant to develop an ethical way of life
Thomas More: Utopia- Idealistic society, citizens live perfect lives because they live by reason
Erasmus: Dutch Humanist, The Education of a Christian Prince, The Praise of Folly: Stresses
education as key to reform, Bible is core of education, “Philosophy of Christ”- Chris. is an inner
attitude or spirit
Rabelais: Gargantua and Pantagrue- Residents live for grativication of phycial instincts and curiosity
Jan van Eyck: Oil based paints, incredible attention to detail
“New Monarchs”: Louis XI, Henry VII, Ferdinand and Isabella
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France:
Charles VII: Revived monarchy in France, gabelle, taille
Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges: Charles VII, Superiority of a general council over the papcy, allowed
lay investiture for French monarchs + forbid papacy from French $ (Based on Conciliar movement)
Louis XI: “Spider King”, Machiavellian, welcomed foreign craftsmen, promoted new industries
Concordat of Bologna (1516): B/w French King France I, Pope Leo X; took back Prag. Sanction,
allowed pope to receive 1st years’ income of new bishops and abbots (French kings controlled the
church policies within France though)
England:
Edward VI (England, Yorkist): started to build monarchy after 1471
Edward IV (Tudor): Justices of Peace; Kept nobles out with Royal council, Court of Star Chamber
Edwards, Richard III, Henry VII (Tudor): Restore royal prestige, crush nobles’ power
Edward IV (Tudor): Justices of Peace; Kept nobles out with Royal council, Court of Star Chamber
Henry VII: “Royal Council”- center of authority on national level, handled whatever king gave it
Court of Star Chamber: Judicial offshoot of royal council; Used Roman law and bad methods
Justices of the Peace: Influential landowners that did local gvt’s work
Spain:
Reconquista: wars to try and convert Muslims and Jews to Christianity
Ferdinand and Isabella: Union of two royal houses
Hermandades: Popular groups given police power
Royal Council: no magnates/aristocrats
Church: Spanish crown selected higher clergy, influenced church policy
“New Christians”: Converted Jews in Spain (aka converses aka Marranos)
Inquisition: Used cruel methods to try and rid Spain of heresy; 1492- expel Jews and Muslims from Sp.
Unit 3: The Protestant Reformation
Babylonian Captivity: Time period where pope was held in Babylon
Clerical Immorality (Drunk, Gamble); Ignorance (Illiteracy); Pluralism (>1 office)
Popes lived like secular Renaissance princes
Brethren of the Common Life: Holland, lived in simplicity and carried out the Gospel, fed hungry etc.
The Imitation of Christ (Thomas A Kempis): Take Christ as your model, seek perfection in simplicity
Ecumenical Council (Pope Julius II): (Ecumenical=Universal, wasn’t really)- council to try and reform
the church
Julius Exclusus (Erasmus): Secular approach to spiritual issues, issues to fix a bad pope
Martin Luther: German Friar, very serious, will start the Protestant Movement (Salvation by faith alone)
Ninety-Five Theses: Immediate cause- Indulgences; Angry with pluralism, indulgences undermine
sacraments, challenges pope’s power
Johann Tetzel: Monk who endorsed the sale of indulgences
Diet of Worms (Charles V): Luther refuses to take back his ideasOutlawed and excommunicated
Ulrich Zwingli: (Swiss)- Disagreed on the Eucharist issue
Protestant: Salvation by faith alone, church is every Christian, all occupations have equal merit, 3
sacraments (penance, baptism, Eucharist), Consubstantiation
On Christian Liberty: By Luther, used by peasants as a tool in their revolts
An Admonition of Peace: By Luther, slammed the nobles and their practices against peasants
Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of the Peasants: Took words of Saint Paul’s letters,
subordinated the church to the state
Catechisms: Contained the basis of the Protestant worship
Treaty of Arras (1482): Declared French Burgundy a part of the kingdom of France, not really
recognized by the Habsburgs
Appeal to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation (1520): Unless princes destroyed papal power in
Germany, reform was impossible
Charles V: HRE and King of Spain, defender of Catholicism
Peace of Aubsburg: Officially recognized Lutheranism, each prince could pick his land’s religion
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Habsburg-Valois Wars: Advanced cause of Protestantism and promoted political fragmentation of the
German Empire (French wanted to keep HRE decentralized)
John Calvinism: Based in Geneva, father of Calvinism, wanted a religious political authority
The Institutes of Christian Relgion: By Calvin, absolute sovereignty and omnipotence of god,
Predestination (elect, reprobate)
Genevan Consistory: Goal was to watch over everyone and get rid of those who didn’t lead good life
Anabaptism: No baptizing children, non-involvement with the gvt, appeals to peasants
William Tyndale (English humanist)- Lollards wanted a scriptural, non-sacramental, lay dominated
religionWill be pushed underground
Henry: Wanted an annulment; if granted by Pope Clement VII, would expose church corruption
Act for Submission of the Clergy (1534): Required churchmen to submit to the law of the king
Supremacy Act (1534): Declares King the supreme head of the English church
Jane Seymour- 3rd wifeBares a male heir, Edward (will centralize bureaucracy)
Thomas Cromwell: Chief minister of Charles, dissolves English monasteries
Anglican Church: Keeps some Cath practices (celibacy, transubstantiation), allows Prot literature to
circulate and for Prots to tutor his son
Edward VI: Strongly Protestant ideas, significant impact
Book of Common Prayer (1549): Thomas Cranmer, more Protestant direction
Mary Tudor (“Bloody Mary”): Sharp move back to Catholicism (Daughter of Catherine of Aragon, ties
to Spain)
Elizabeth: More protestant, accepted both
Elizabethan Settlement: Required uniformity in all ceremonies, everyone had to attend
Thirty-Nine Articles (1563): Summary of the basic practices of the Church of England
John Knox: Scotland, inspired by CalvinPresbyterian Church of Scotland- ministers governed it
Book of Common Order: Liturgical directory for the church
Gustavus Adolphus: Swedish, let a revolt against Denmark and got Swedish independence
Olaud Petri: Translated the New Testament into Swedish and organized church on Lutheran lines
Christian III of Denmark and Norway: Made a Lutheran Church
Counter-Reformation: Tried to convince people to return to the church to prevent society from
corruption
Pope Clement VII: More interested in material things than theological issues
Battle of Pavia: Francis I was captured, Pope switched support (Showed the pope’s polit. Motives)
Council of Trent: Pope Paul IIIWanted to reform the church and reconcile with Prots
- Very politically influenced (Charles V opposed discussion on anything that would hurt politics)
- Reaffirmed 7 sacraments and transubstantiation; forbid indulgences; no reconciliation
- Pope justified position as spiritual authority of the church
Ursuline Nuns: Education of women to try and fight heresy; re-Christianize society
Society of Jesus (Jesuits): Ignatius of Loyola)- wanted to convert people back to Catholicism, simple
lives, strict hierarchical order
Spiritual Exercises (1548): Training manual for spiritual development emphasizing strengthening
human will
Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office (Pope Paul III): Had jurisdiction over the Roman inquisition
Operated under Roman law, education, missionary work, combat Protestantism
Index of Prohibited Books: Catalog of forbidden reading
Unit 4: The Age of Religious Wars and European Expansion
1450-1650: “Age of Discovery”/”Age of Reconnaissance”/”Age of Exploration”
Prince Henry “The Navigator”: Established school of navigation; got Portugan in gold commerse
Diaz: Rounds the Cape of Good Hope
Vasco Da Gama: Reached India and came back with Spices and Cloth
Cabral: Coast of Brazil and claimed it for Portugal
Caravels: Small, light, 3-masted shipSlower, but was more maneuverable, held more cargo
Astrolabe: From Muslims; used to determine latitude by altitude of the sun
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Fernandez de Oviedo: General History of the Indies- spoke of life on other continents
Christopher Columbus: deeply religious man; wanted direct route to Asia/India
Ferdinand Magellan: Commissioned by Charles V to find a route to Moluccas (Got to Malay
Archipelago); Claimed Philippines for Spain
Cortes: Captured Aztec emperor Montezuma; gains control of the Aztec empire
Pizzaro: Conquered Inca empire in Peru; founded Lima
Antwerp: Became major financial capital of the European World
Cabot: Claimed Newfoundland for England
Cartier: Made voyages to the St. Lawrence region of Canada
Viceroyalties: 4 sections made by the Spanish Crown from new world territories
Audencia: Board of 12-15 judges that advised a council
Intendants: Intro’ed by Spanish King Charles III, royal officials responsible to the crown
Quinto: 1/5 of all precious metals that was collected by the Spanish crown
Corregidores: Held military/judicial powers (Spanish idea)
1559: Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis (ENDS Habsburg-Valois Wars)Spain wins
FRANCE
Francis I and Henry II: Govern through a small, efficient council (incl. use of baillis and seneschals)
1539: Francis I issues an ordinance that puts France under royal jurisdiction (Centralizing Effect)
“Noblese de Robe”: New class emerging from tax exempt nobles that held hereditary offices
Concordat of Bologna: Treaty w/ papacy; Crown appoints bishops, Pope has supremacy over council
Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre 1572: Intended religious ceremony of Margaret of Valouis to Prot
Henry of Navarre; Coligni (head of Huguenots) is attacked; 12,000 Huguenots die
War of Three Henrys: Cath Henry of Guise; Prot Henry of Navarre; Cath King Henry III
Guise-wants “Holy League” to destroy Calvinism; Prot Henry of Navarre will win
Holy League: Catholic nobles against the king (wanted to replace with a member)
Politiques: Small groups of people who believed in compromisingPut politics over religion
Henry IV: Willingness to sacrifice religious principles to political necessity saves France (converted)
Edict of Nantes (1598): Granted Huguenots liberty of conscience and liberty of public worship
NETHERLANDS
1556: Charles V abdicates and divides land among bro Ferdinand (Austria and HRE) and son Philip
(Spain, low countries, Italy, Americas, Netherlands)
1559: Philip appointed Margaret as regent of Netherlandsstarts Inquisition, pushed Tridentine
Decrees; Raised taxes to support the Spanish interests
Duke of Alva: Sent to pacify Neth; Starts “Council of Blood”
“Council of Blood”: Too HarshBrings out civil war, it is counter productive
1568-1578: Civil War in Netherlands b/w Cath and Prots
William of Orange “The Silent”- 17 provinces unite under himMakes Pacification of Ghent
Pacification of Ghent (1576): Unify under William, respect religious differences, get rid of Spanish
Fails- Caths were worried about Prot ideas being infused
Alexander Farnese: Got the southern cities to fall by way of “patient sieges” (militarily)
Union of Utrecht (1581): 7 Calvinist Northern Provinces led by William of Orange declare indep. From
Spain”United Provinces of the Netherlands”
Elizabeth of England: Had to send money for fear of Spain invading England
Escorial: Royal palace of Philip and his family, Monastery; Very devout Catholic
Philip II: Had trouble crushing heresy (Preoccupied with Ottoman Turks in West, death of son, revolt of
Muslims in Granada)
Mary Queen of Scots: Catholic: Got involved with a plot to kill ElizabethWill be killed
Spanish Armada: Huge Spanish Navy; will lose to a better prepared England
Peace of Aubsburg: Didn’t apply to Calvinists
Protestant Union (1608): Formed by Lutheran Princes
Catholic League (1609): Formed in responsed, used Jesuits
1617: Ferdinand of Styria- closes Protestant churches
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Defenestration of Prague (1618): Prots throw 2 officials out a 70 foot high window
THIRTY YEARS’ WAR: 1618-1648
Bohemian Phase: Civil war in Bohemia b/w Cath League and Prot Union; Frederick defeated by Cath
forces at Battle of White Mountain; Ferdinand becomes King of Bohemia and HRE
Danish Phase: King Christian IV of Denmark (wants N. Germany for ports)More Cath victories
Wallenstein- leads Cath army, made it loyal to himself (Divides the Cath cause)
1629: Edict of Restitution: All Cath properties lost to Prot were restored, only Luth. and Cath allowed
Swedish Phase: Gustavus Adolphus in Germany (wanted to help oppressed Prots)Cardinal
Richelieu subsidized Swedes trying to weaking Habsburg power
Swedish victories end dreams of uniting all German states under 1 Habsburg authority
French Phase: Not based on religious issuesRichelieu decared war on Spain and helped Swedes
and German Prots (destroyed agriculture and commerce)
1648: Peace of Westphalia: Turning point in European social/political history
End of the HRE as we know it; Failure for Catholic goals; Restricted role of church in Euro politics
Unit 5: Absolutism in Eastern Europe
Sovereignty: One person possesses a monopoly over the instruments of justice and use of force
Absolutist State: Sovereignty is embodied in the person or ruler (Kings use divine right)
Totalitarianism: Seeks to direct all facets of a state’s culture
FRANCE:
1589: Henry IV gets a huge mess
Edict of Nantes: Makes it easier for Henry to rule if everyone is peaceful
Duke of Sully: Chief minister of Henry IV; intro’ed paulette, managed taxes, revived trade, highways
Paulette: Annual fee for nobles to keep their hereditary offices
Marie de’Medici: Ruled for her son Louis XII, appoints Richelieu to council of ministers in 1642
Richelieu: Used strong influence to exalt the monarchy and laid foundation for absolutism
Total subordination of all groups and institutions to the monarchy, tore down castles, administrative
system (intendants), 32 generalites, baillis and seneschals
Intendants: Royal officials from the nobility of the robe loyal to the king
1598: Law of Concord: (published as Edict of Nantes)allows for religious and civil concord
La Rochelle: 4th largest French portLouis cut off English aid and the city fell
1631: Treaty with Gustavus Adolphus promising French support against Catholic Habsburgs in the
Swedish phase (goes along with FP of weaking the HRE)
Raison d’etat: “Reason of state”Allows sins if they benefit the state
1648-1653: The FrondeNobility resented the power of Louis XIII + major financial issues
New taxes led to rebellions with led to civil war
Louis XIV: “Sun King”; Significant government innovations- “complete domestication of the nobility”,
Versailles, French language is better, court ceremonials, intendants, centralized administration
Versailles: Court of Louis XIV; incredibly ornate and fancy, used as a tool of government to undermine
the power of the nobility
Jean- Baptiste Colbert: Controller of finances- mercantilism, favorable balance of trade, selfsufficiency, system of state inspection and regulation, tax breaks
1685: Louis XIV revoked Edict of Nantes (Abs. state wanted to control religion)eliminate division
Classicism: Art and literature of the age of Louis- imitated antiquity, had some classical elements
Poussin: Classicist painterHighest aim of painting was to represent noble actions in a logical way
The Rape of Savine Women
Jean-Baptise Lully- Music, ballets, opera
Couperin: Harpsichord and organ player
Charpentier: Religious music
Poquelin: Entered theatre, playwright, director, actor, comedies
Jean Racine: Power of love, plays and tragic dramas based on Greek/Roman legends
Louvois: Secretary of state for WarMakes a professional army; recruits by dragooning, draft, lottery
Martinet: Strict training of foreign born soldiers into a tough military machine
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Army: Commissariat to feed troops, hospitals and ambulance corps, standardized weapons/uniforms
1667: Invaded FlandersAcquires 12 towns (Flanders was previously French)
1672: Louis leads 100k men into Holland and DutchDutch won by flooding dikes
Treaty of Nijmegan: Louis gained add’l Flemish towns and French-Comte (Burgundy)
1681: Seized Strasbourg (good economic city)More victories
Claude Le Peletier: Colbert’s successor; devaluated currency, sold offices, tax exemptions
1689: Louis ordered all silver to be sent to the mint
War of Spanish Succession (1701-1713): Charles II (King of Spain) was mentally slow
1698: European powers agree to split the Spanish possessions b/w King of France and HRE
Charles actually left the empire to Philip of Anjou (Louis’ grandson)Union of French and Spanish
crowns would upset the balance of power)
League of Aubsburg: Alliance of Dutch and HRE against France
1701: English, Dutch, Austrians, Prussians form Grand Alliance against FranceCheck power
War concludes at Utrecht in 1713
Peace of Utrecht: Philip is 1st Bourbon king of Spain as long as French/Spanish crowns never unite;
England gains territory in new world; represented balance of power; decline of Spain as a great
power; end of French expansionist policy
ENGLAND:
Constitutionalsim: Gvt doesn’t have the ability to do whatever they want to you
Constitutional Republic: Sovereign power resides in the electorate and is exercised by reps
Elizabeth I: Stability in the nation based on her own strengths
King James I: Not as for the people, was a Scot, not English
Trew Law of Free Monarchy: Monarch is divine and only responsible to god
House of Commons managed finances that James needed, they were Calvinist and didn’t support
his lavish/extravagant lifestyle, Commons wanted sovereignty
James I was Calvinist, but appeared to be helping Roman CatholicismWants to make it more Cath.
William Laud: Wanted to impose elaborate ritual in all churches, uniformity, Court of High Commission
Scotland: New prayer book Book of Common Prayer- rejected; bishoprics- rejected
Charles I: Crowned 1625; attempt to govern without Parliament caused severe crisis
Used illegal practices to get money (“Ship money”)
Trennial Act (1641): King calls Parl every 3 years, impeached Laud and ended Court of High
Commission, Charles had to accept (needed the money)
English Civil War (1642-1649): Where does sovereignty in England reside?
Cavaliers (King) versus Roundheads (Parliament)
Ended in 1649 with execution of Charles on charge of treason
Cromwell takes over
Interregnum (1649-1660): Separated 2 monarchical periods; time of military dictatorship
Oliver Cromwell: The Protectorate; “Instrument of Government” (Executive power lies with a lord
protector); Favored religious toleration (but he controlled it); Navigation act
Navigation Act (1651): English goods must be transported on English ships
Restoration: Established monarchy under Charles IIRestored 2 houses of Parl too
Charles II: Wasn’t interested in doctrinal issues, Parl wanted religious uniformity though
Test Act of 1673: Forbids Catholics in all publish offices (Incl. King)Afraid that the king was
involved with the French king
Secret Treaty of Dover: Agreement with Louis XIV; in exchange for support of Catholics in England,
Louis paid Charles II 200k a year
Leaked and led to anti-Catholic fear that James would start a Catholic dynasty
James II: Violated the Test Act and appointed RCCs to army, schools, gvt
Caused a split in ParliamentWanted to drive James Out; suspending law and reviving Abs.
Declaration of Indulgence: Tried to gain support by allowing religious freedom to all
Second Wife had a male heirFear of an ensured Cath dynasty sparked change
Parliament offers English Throne to Mary and William of Orange (*Parl has more power)
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1688-1689: Glorious Revolution- Replaced 1 king with another with minimal fighting
William and Mary recognize the supremacy of Parliament; Sovereignty is divided though
Didn’t make a democracyPlaced sovereignty in Parliament (masses had not say in gvt)
Bill of Rights: Cornerstone of British constitutionConstitutionalism, limitation of government
John Locke: Second Treatise on Civil Government- life liberty, property, rebel against a tyrannical
government, spokesman of the English revolution
Sir Robert Walpole: Cabinet was responsible to commons (Cabinet System in 18th century)
Thomas Hobbes: Leviathan- State of Nature, social contract, absolutist king but no divine right
DUTCH:
17th Century: “Golden Age of the Netherlands”
States General: Federal assembly of the provinces; Stadholder (rep); Regents (wealthy merchants)
Holland: Largest navy and welathied, dominated republic and States General
Bank of Amsterdam: insured, Europe’s best source of cheap credit
Dutch East India Company: Joint stock company formed in 1602; cut into Portuguese trading
SPAIN:
16th Cent Monarchy: Permanent bureaucracy, standing army, national taxes, servicios (taxes)
1610-1650: Spanish trade with colonies fell 60% (Dutch and English started trading with them)
Weak Kings:
Philip III gave gvt to lazy Duke of Lerma- used it to advance his own wealth
Philip IV left management to Gaspar de Guzman, duke of Olivares
Olivares: Able administrator but believed that Spain needed to return to imperial tradition to better
Led to revival of war with the Dutch and France and the 30 Years War
Treaty of Pyrenees (1659): Ended French-Spanish Wars; Spain had to give up land and was no longer
a great power in Europe
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17 Century Spain: Couldn’t forget 16th century grandeur and move forward
Philip IV: Royal council was appointed to make a canal to link the Tagus and Manzanares
RiversCancelled because of overall feelings of pessimism
Miguel de Cervantes: Don Quixote- “idealistic but impractical”, delineated Spanish 16th cent society
Unit 6: Absolutism in Eastern Europe
Opposite development of Western Europe: No middle class rose due to seriousness of serfdom; Kings
ally with nobles against the peasantry
Poland: 1574- lords have complete control; Lack of central ruler is not good for security, will be taken
over (Other EE nations will learn from their mistake)
AUSTRIA:
After Thirty Years’ War, Austrian Habsburgs exhausted, attempts to remove Prot failed terribly
Peace of Westphalia: Created 300 independent jurisdictions
1618: Bohemian Estates rise to defend Prot, revolt crushed at 1620 Battle of White Mountain
Ferdinand II- reduced power of Behmian estates
Nobility helps habsburgs establish strong rule over Bohemia
Robot: 3 days of unpaid labor per weel
Ferdinand III: Centralized government; permanent standing army
Ottoman Turks: all land belonged to Sultan; tried to invade Vienna in 1683- city was relieved by
German forces and ottomans were forced to retreat
1713: Charles VI- Pragmatic Sanction- Habsburg possessions were never to be divided and always
passed to a single heir (may be female)
PRUSSIA:
Hohenzollern Family: had little real power (dukes of Prussia, elector of Brandenburg)
1618: Junior branch died out and Prussia was given to Elector of Brandenburg
Brandenburg: In the North, Protestand and Lutheran, reason for Habsburgs to fight there
Frederick William “Great Elector”Came to power in 1640
Junkers: Landowners that ran the estates
1660: Established standing army paid by estates who were forced to accept permanent taxation
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Elector Frederick III “The Ostentation”- Wanted to emulate Louis XIV, less militant
Crowned King Frederick I in 1701
Frederick William I “The Soldiers’ King”: Emotional attachment to the military, lived a soldier’s life,
believed that Prussians had to sacrifice things for the well being of the nation
Built a first rate army with skill, precision, discipline
Frederick William “Great Elector”Elector Frederick II (aka King Frederick I)King Frederick William I
RUSSIA:
Mongols: Inhabited the land that was RussiaUsed princes as servants and tax collectors
Alexander Nevsky: collected taxes, became hereditary prince
Ivan I “Moneybags”- Became commander of large Russian-Mongol Army
Muscovite Princes: Will overcome the other princes and eventually the Khan
Ivan III: Will get rid of the Khan, Mongols were weakening
Ivan II: Stopped acknowledging Khan as supreme ruler
Prince of Moscow was the tsar (more intense than absolutism)
Ivan IV: First Czar- “Ivan the Terrible”- married Anastasia Romanov; gained land
Boyars: Russian Nobility
Cossacks: Free groups of rebellious people
Time of Troubles: 1598-1613- Boyar nobility realize they need a central rulerMichael Romanov
Michael Romanov: elected by the nobles
Late 17th Century: Orthodox Christ church split (Moscow=3rd Rome)
Cossacks: Territorial expansion is their primary goal
Peter the Great: Monarchical Absolutism
Westernizes Russia- goes on a tour of Europe with entourage to try and gain military technology
Army: Use to compete with western powers
Charles XII: Defeated Denmark, turned on RussiaBeginning of the Great Northern War (1700-1721)
Embryonic Meritocracy: 14 rank military system; everyone must work their way up
Baroque: Came from revitalized RCC; emotional art appealing to senses
St. Petersburg: “Window on Europe”; similar to Versailles
Bartolomeo Tastrellia- Chief Architect of St. Petersburg
Unit 7: The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment
Aristotelian View: Motionless earth fixed at center of universe; 10 crystalline spheres move around it
- “Light” elements (air and fire); “heavy” elements (water, earth), declared false by the RCC
Nicolaus Copernicus: Disproved the crystalline spheres, disproved Ptolemy, Heliocentric model,
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres: (Copernicus) put the stars at rest, huge or infinite
universe
Brahe: Funded by King of Denmark, all planets revolve around the sun, collected HUGE amt. of data
Kepler: 3 Laws of planetary motion- elliptical orbits, didn’t move at uniform speed, time to make a
revolution is related to the distance from sun (mathematically proven); basis of gravity
Galileo: Showed that a uniform force (gravity) produced a uniform acceleration, Law of Inertia, 4
moons of Jupiter, will be put on trial and charged for heresy
Newton: Alchemist (wanted to convert metals to gold/silver); Very religious (thought god made science
for man to explore)
Principia: Single explanatory system combining astronomy of Copernicus (+Kepler), physics of Galileo,
Law of Universal Gravitation
Francis Bacon: ExperimentationDon’t just believe what you think, observe and conclude, empiricism
Descartes: Hypothesis- essence of science; “I think therefore I am” (Cartesian Dualism)
Scientific Method: Combined the ideas of Bacon and Descartes
Protestantism: More “Pro-science”
England: Most successful in scienceNo clear religious leader, creates confusionScience can
advance (vs Italy- very close to the pope, not advanced)
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Enlightenment: Methods of natural science could be used to examine life (reason), don’t accept on
faith, discover laws of people through science, Progress- better people, Intellect over instinct
Fontenelle: Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds- human mind is capable of progress
Bayle: Religious toleration is necessaryLack of a clear truth prevents progress; gathered dataassumes that we don’t know what’s true, let it emerge with time
Essay Concerning Human Understanding: (Locke)- Tabula Rasa- born equal, undermines nobility,
monarchy, those who think should have say in government
Second Treatise on Government: Man should govern, social contract, etc
Philosophe: French philosopher
Deism: God is the clockmaker- made the universe, not lets it run on its own
D’Alembert: distinction b/w the “truly enlightened public” and the “multitude”
Montesquieu: The Persian Letters- social satire, uses literary device to poke fun at French institutions
The Spirit of the Laws: Complex study of different types of governments- removes freedom of speech;
separation of powers (avoid despotism if there is more than 1 voice)
Voltaire: On Religion- witty, criticized the church without being upfront (would be censored), good is
good, bad is bad; religion has made unnecessary divisions
- A good monarch was the best hope for a nation; no equality; Deism
Marquise du Chatelet: woman with a passion for science, spread ideas of others
Encyclopedia: Diderot & D’Alembert- compendium of knowledge, neutral presentation, Free speech,
unbiased, summed up the new world view of Enlightenment
D’Holbach: System of Nature- human beings are machines determined by outside forces; hostility
towards Christianity
Hume: Human mind is nothing more than a bundle of impressions (extreme take on Tabula Rasa);
there is no clarity among issues and we can never find absolute truth
Condorce: Progress of the Human Mind- 9 stages of human progress leading to the 10th step of Utopia
Rousseau: Basic goodness of the individual had to be protected from civilization; influenced the
romantic movement
The Social Contract: General will- reflects common interests of the people; Popular Sovereignty
The best government is one that taps the general will of the people, Thinks Enl focuses too much
on religion
Reading Revolution: increased literacy, individual silent reading
Immanuel Kant: If serious thinkers than reason publicly in print, then Enlightenment would surely come
Salons: Locations where intellectuals met to discuss important topics
Rococo: Style of the 18th century
Madame Geoffrin: God mother of the Encyclopedia- developed a famous salon
“Enlightened Absolutism”: Monarchs attempt to be enlightened to maintain power
Frederick the Great of Prussia: Embraced culture and literature
Got Silesia in the War of Austrian Succession (thought Maria Theresa was weak)
- Austria made an alliance with France and Russia for a balance of power
- England was at war against France in NA and India for colonial reasons
Seven Years’ War: Aim- to conquer Prussia and divide up the territory (want to check power)
AKA: French and Indian war in NA (Prussia allies with England who was at war with France over
colonies)
- Saved when Peter III came to throne in Russia in 1762 and called off attacks
Frederick: Became committed to Enlightenment ideas- religious freedom, improved schools, simplified
laws, no torture, non-arbitrary judges, clear legal code
“First Servant of the State” (Locke)- practical role, ruler has power to maintain order in society
- Condemned serfdom but allowed it, accepted privileges of nobility (biggest ally)
Catherine the Great of Russia: German princess; plotted against her husband Peter III with Gregory
Orlov (army guy/lover)
Wanted to bring sophisticated culture of WE to Russia (architects, art, philosophes)
Domestic Reform: new law code (no torture, tried to make new legal code, some relig toleration)
Territorial Expansion: Poland, removed Mongols and Tartars in conquest of Caucasus
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Pugachev: Led uprising of serfs, claimed to be true czar, executed by Catherine’s army
1785: Formalized the nobility’s privileged position
Joseph II of Austria: “Revolutionary Emperor”, continued work of mom Maria Theresa, limited papacy’s
power, reform bureaucracy, religious toleration, Abolished Serfdom, equal taxes
Leopold II (Brother): Cancel Joseph’s radical edicts to re-establish order, peasants required to do
forced labor for lords again
France:
1715: Duke of Orleans restores right to evaluate royal decrees before becoming law by Parlements
Reinvigorated noble power, HUGE step
Parlement of Paris: A court; king originally used it to control government but positions became
hereditary and successors weren’t necessary loyal
War of Austrian Succession: Louis XV has to 5% tax on everyone, led to protests, get taken back
Happened a gain after the 7 Years’ War
Rene de Maupeou: Abolished existing parlements and replaced with supporters
Louis XVI: Didn’t want to be king, lets them evaluate royal decrees, reinstates old parlements
Winter Break Assignment Chapter 19: The Expansion of Europe in the 18th Cent
Open Field System: Divided land cultivated by peasantsNeeded to keep one field fallow to avoid
Nitrogen depravation of the soil
Agricultural Revolution: Milestone in human developmentCrop rotation, new types of crops
Started in Low Countriesdense population, needed maximum yields
Cornelieus Vermuyden: Dutch engineer helping England; turned swamps into good land
Charles “Turnip” Townsend: Learned about Dutch agr. While ambassador there, obsessed with it
Jethro Tull: English innovator; wanted to use horses to plow, equipment to spread seed, selective
breeding of lifestock
“Enclosure Acts”: Moves by Parliament to get people to have to enclose (fence in) their land
Displaced many poor people, made them go even more poor
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18 Cent population growthFewer deaths due to disappearance of Black Plague
Cottage Industry: rural industrial development with wage workers needed to make goods
Putting-Out System: merchant “put out” materials to cottage workers, then return it to merchant
Textile Industry: Most vital and important industry for most of Europe
Mercantilism: Economic regulations aimed to increase state’s power by forming a favorable balance of
trade to increase gold
Navigation Acts: Cromwell, required British goods to only be shipped via British ships
Treaty of Paris: British victory in the 7 Years’ War- France loses everything in North America to Spain,
loses land in India (Allows the British to move in)
Atlantic Slave Trade: Brutal, but needed, considered a legitimate business activity
1807: English Parliament abolishes the slave trade
Philip V of Spain: Brought French ideas and restored peace and made reforms to reassert royal
authority after Charles II’s death
Mestizos: Offspring of Spanish men and Indian women
Adam Smith: thought that mercantilism was unjust
Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations: basis for modern economics, critical of
Mercantilism; free competition, “system of natural liberty” (Gvt shouldn’t be involved in $)
- Wanted people to follow proper economic behavior on their own to achieve progress
Chapter 20: The Changing Life of the People
Illegitimacy Explosion: 1750-1850huge rise in illegitimate births
Jules Michelet: thought wet nurses were abused and exploited
Children: Parents were very unconcerned with children because they mostly died young
Hospitals didn’t take care of children, mostly midwives did
Emile (Rousseau): Called for greater love towards children and proposed new teaching methods with
gender differences
Schooling: Increasing role to try and teach the basics of literacy and religion
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Prussia: inspired by Prot idea that everyone should be able to read the biblemandatory attendance,
influenced other areas like France
Chapbooks: Small books that dealt with religious issues/biblical stories
Regional Dietary Differences (& Social ones too): Poor people in England and Neth ate the best
Faith Healers: Wanted to exorcise devil spirits
Physicians (mostly men): Eager to experiment with new methods, stress on purging (cleaning bowels)
and bloodletting
Surgeons: Studied anatomy and improved; done without pain killers and knowledge of bacteria
Midwives: delivered majority of babies, older women, helped with “girl problems”
Hospitals: very dirty, grim, overcrowded
Mary Wortley Montagu: learned about the smallpox inoculation in Muslim landsDistributed in Eng
Edward Jenner: new method of treatment; give Cowpox to avoid Smallpox
Jesuits: Eventually declined as a result of more monarchical religious power; will be removed from
France and Spain altogether
Pietism: Protestant revival beginning in Germany; warm, emotional religion; stress of Priesthood of all
Believers; practical power of Christian rebirth
John Weseley (England): Methodists; convinced that any person may have a conversation with god
and get assurance; rejected Predestination
Carnival: Combination of religious celebration and popular recreation preceding Lent
Unit 8: The French Revolution
Bourgeoisie: Prosperous middle class, wanted to defend their liberty
Marquis de Lafayette: returned from England with a love of liberty and firm republican views
Estates General: Organization of French government- Clergy, Noblemen, Commoners
July 1788: Louis XVI calls for a session of the EG at Versailles
National Assembly: 3rd Estate that broke away from the Estates General
Sieyes: What is the Third Estate?- encourages the masses to take control
Oath of the Tennis Court (June 20, 1789): Swore not to disband until a new constitution was written
Storming of the Bastille: Medieval fortress that had been used as a prisonMob will get king to call off
the troops that he is summoning to Versailles (they supported the NA)
Great Fear: Group of outlaws that seized the countryside against feudal landlords, inspired by Bastille
August 4, 1789: Duke of Aiguillon said that taxation should be equal and abolish feudal dues
Declaration on the Rights of Man (1789): Equality, innocent until proven guilty, general will,
guaranteed rep government
“Women’s March”: 7,000 women go from Paris to Versailles to try and harm Marie Antoinette
Forces the King/Queen and the National Assembly to move to Paris
Constitution of 1791: Constitutional Monarchy and Legislative Assembly; universal male suffrage;
reorganized the church, nationalizes its property, nationalized the Cath church
Edmund Burke: Reflections on the Revolution in France- people aren’t capable of governing
themselves, only smart people should rule
Mary Wollstonecraft: A Vindication of the Rights of Man- wants the revolution to extend to women
Declaration of Pillnitz: After Louis XVI and Marie tried to leave Paris; Warning call issued by Austria
and Prussia threatening war if the king was removed
April 1792: France declared war on Francis II, Habsburg king
Jacobins: younger, more liberal/radical; distrustful of monarchy; wanted a republic
September Massacres: angry crowds killed everything and everyone in sight
September 1792: National Convention proclaims France a republic, Const of 1791 collapses
Girondists: Wanted to end the revolution and let the king live (don’t make him a martyr)
Mountain: Thought the revolution needed to continue, wanted to kill the king
Sans-Culottes: (“without breeches”)- laboring poor and petty traders, had economic drive
Committee of Public Safety: Mountain and Robespierre and the Sans-Culottes; made a planned
economy (fixed prices), produced goods for war
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Reign of Terror: Created more division in France, kills over 40,000 people for being outspoken,
political weapon used against all who opposed the revolutionary government
Robespierre: Leader of the Mountain, Comm of Public Safety, Reign of TerrorWill be killed
Thermidorian Reaction: France’s reaction to the Reign of Terror- middle classes try to reassert their
authority, abolishes price controls, hurt the poor
Directory: Panel of 5 directors of the National Convention (Middle class)Corrupt, only lasts 5 years
from 1974-1799
Napoleon Bonaparte: Corsican born, became a major army hero
1799: Coup d’etat: Military takeover of a government (ousted Directors), made himself 1st Consul of
the Republic
Civil Code of 1804: Equality of all male citizens, security of wealth and private property
Bank of France: Appeals to the peasants and middle classes
Imperial Nobility: New class of nobility made by Napoleon to honor his best followers
Concordat of 1801: Napoleon and Pope Pius VII- French Caths practice freely but Napoleon controls
the church and nominates people to positions
1801-1815: Napoleon’s Grand Empire rules almost all of Europe
Joseph Fouche: Police state- spy system, keep people under house arrest
Treaty of Luneville (1801): Austria loses all Italian possessions and German territory to France
Treaty of Amiens (1802): with Great Britain; France controls Holland and the Netherlands
Battle of Trafalgar (1805): Joint French/Spanish fleet will be defeated by Lord NelsonWill prevent
Napoleon and his armies from entering into England
3rd Coalition: Austria, Russia, Sweden, Britain
Battle of Austerlitz: Defeats the Austrians/RussiansWill free peasants and abolish feudal obligations,
will still tax these people
Confederation of the Rhine: Reorganized Germany
Treaty of Tilsit: Russia accepted Napoleon’s reorganization of Europe and enforced his blockade
against British goods (Czar Alexander I)
Continental System: Napoleon’s blockade of British goods that was expected to be enforced in all
areas of the Grand Empire
June 1812: Invasion of RussiaNapoleon tries to defeat Russia but cannot
“Scorched Earth Policy”: Burn everything (Russians) to try and weaken Napoleon’s army
Treaty of Chaumont: Held together the 4th Coalition of GB, Russia, Austria, Prussia
Island of Elba: Given to Napoleon after he was taken down by the 4th Coalition
“Hundred Days”: Napoleon escapes from Elba and tries to raise an army to restore him to power
Battle of Waterloo: Napoleon is defeated by England once and for all
St. Helena: Island where Napoleon is moved to after defeated at Waterloo
Unit 9: The Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution: 1770-1850; Describes burst of inventions and technological changes that
occurred in certain industries
James Hargreaves: Spinning JennySimple machine to make thread fasterIncrease production of
textiles; inexpensiveCreated too much thread- invention of the power loom to speed up
Richard Arkwright: Water Frame- needed more power, didn’t make good quality thread
Thomas Savery & Thomas Newcomen: First primitive steam enginesinefficient
James Watt: Improved steam engine by adding a separate condenserVery important
George Stephenson: “The Rocket” (1825)- good steam locomotive
Thomas Malthus: Essay on the Principle of Population- Earth’s population will outstrip resources
because industrialization feeds too many people
David Ricardo: “Iron Law of Wages”- there will always be a read pool of poor laborers with low wages,
and the entrepreneur will always be rich
Factories: Grow in cities, near coal, near markets and labor, ports
William Cockerill: Started building steam engines, railway cars, in Belgium (Liege- good industry)
Fritz Harkort: “Watt of Germany”- built steam engines, but wasn’t able to make money
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Tariff Protection: Put taxes on certain goods to protect the nation’s economy
Friedrich List: Believed that tariffs b/w German states would keep Germany from advancing (Proposed
the Zollverein- unified committee for tariffs); National System of Political Economy- railroad building
and the tariff, wanted 1 international tariff
Credit Mobilier of Paris: Bank, advertised heavily and built railroads to support industry
Luddites: People that attacked factories and smashed machines that were taking their jobs
Friedrich Engels: The Condition of the Working Class in England- accused MC of exploiting the poor
Edwin Chadwick: Workers are better off because they can buy more things
Robert Owen: Exposed the horrors of child labor; owned many factories himself
Factory Act of 1833: Limited factory workday for children to under 12 hours, mandatory elementary
schools for kids under 9
Mines Act of 1842: Prohibited underground work for women, boys under 10
Combinations Act of 1799: Outlawed unions and strikesRepealed in 1824
Grand National Consolidated Trades Union- Largest union
Amalgamated Society of Engineers- Skilled machinists, got benefits easily
Chartist Movement: Desired democracy and universal male suffrage
Unit 11: 1814-1848 Ideologies and Upheavals
Klemens von Metternich: Austria
Robert Castlereagh: Prime Minister of England
Charles Talleyrand: Representative of Louis 18
Congress of Vienna: Weaken Eastern states to keep France at bayBalance of power
- Restoration of old monarchies; Reinstatement of serfdom in EE, East will be easier to return
Holy Alliance: Austria, Prussia, RussiaPledge to stamp out all liberalism
Two Sicilies: 1820- Revolutionaries capture it and vow to create liberal constitutionsCrushed
Carlsbad Decrees (1819): Censorship program to pare down on revolutionary ideas
- Established permanent committee with spies to investigate and punish people
Bohemia: Ethnically dividedMetternich was afraid that if ethnic groups grasped nationalism, Austria
would break up and be involved in huge civil war
Liberalism: No monarchy, limited voting; Equality of opportunity- everyone can get rich, only some will
Laissez-Faire: economic policy with no government interference on the economy
Adam Smith- critical of mercantilism; belief that economy should benefit everyone, not just rich
Nationalism: Originated in the French Rev and Napoleonic warsPeople have their own genius and
cultural unity- wants to change cultural unity to political unity (grew with industrialization)
Jules Michelet: The People- people identify themselves with their country
Socialism: Redistribution of wealth from organizer of business to laborer
French Utopian Socialism: Create towns with factories and share the wealth among everyone
Economic Planning: French argued that government should radically organize economy
Count Henri de Saint-Simon: Key to industrial development is social organization- Parasites (upper
people) and Doers (workers); Doers should lead the economy forward
Charles Fourier: Self-sufficient communities based on agriculture and industry; wanted free unions
based on love to replace marriage
Louis Blanc: Organization of Work- Want workers to take control of the state peacefully; gvt should set
up workshops for all factory workers
Pierre Joseph Proudhon: What is Property?- property is profit stole from the worker who is the source
of wealth; feared the power of the state
Karl Marx: The Communist Manifesto (1848)- Human history is a repeating cycle of oppressor and
oppressed; the Proletariat must take over from the entrepreneur and ultimately divide all the world’s
wealth among themselves
Hegel: Scientist who inspired Marx; formed the basic idea of the repeating cycles
Romanticism: Emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, spontaneity; VERY far left
- Development of one’s full potential is the supreme goal of life
William Wordsworth: Lyrical Ballads- endowed simple subjects with grandeur and majesty (daffodils)
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Walter Scott: Romantic obsession with history
Germaine de Stael: Wants France to remove classicism
Lucie Dupin (George Sand): Enigmatic/mysterious/unique; Lelia- modern, delved into personal quest
Delacroix: Romantic painter obsessed with exotic scenes and subjects
Turner: English; Nature’s power and terror (storms, sinking ships)
Constable: English; Nature is beautiful but can be dangeours
Franz Liszt: Greatest pianist of the time
Beethoven: Romantic music;
Corn Laws of 1815: Landed classes manipulating grain trade to raise pricesEnriches the English
noble class; Repealed in 1839 (workers unhappy)
Six Acts (1819): Designed to repress uprising; eliminated mass meetings, controls on the press
Battle of Peterloo: Mass protests that erupted after the Six Acts; repressed by gvt cavalry
Tories: Civil equality for Catholics, heavy tariffsMiddle class wanted more say in gvt
Whigs: More responsive to commercial interests; More liberal, more reform-minded (had MC in mind)
Reform Bill of 1832: Gradual reforms without violent revolution; elimination of “rotten boroughs” (areas
with few people- unfair for representation)Shifts rep by population; 12% of people can now
voteKing tries to step in and says he’ll make more lords to undermine their power
People’s Charter of 1838: Not Passed; wanted universal male suffrage
Chartist Movement: Demanded UMS; political democracy and rule by the people
Ten Hours Act of 1847: Limited workday of women and young people to 10 hours
Great Famine: Failure of the potato crop leads to starvation, disease; mass decline in population
Bourbon Restoration: Replacement of a Bourbon after Napoleon (Louis XVIII)
Constitutional Charter of 1814: Liberal constitution from Louis XVIII; 100k can vote
Charles X: Wanted to bring back old absolutism; Repudiated the Constitutional Charter; new
censorship, decrees removing rightsWill flee under major pressure
Louis Philippe: Accepted Const. Charter; “King of the French People”; Representative of the
Bourgeoisie seizing the gvt- fear of losing its money to the working class
Provisional Republic: Urban Poor is controlling gvtNational Workshops, 10 hour workday, right to
employment
Louis Blanc and Albert: Believed in creating gvt-sponsored workshops to move away from capitalism
Constituent Assembly: Elected by UMS; France is more conservative than Provisional Gvtalliance
between the peasants and the middle class
Tocqueville: Countryside seized with universal hatred of Paris
“June Days”: Uprising by the radical left; representative of moving right, MC wants order
Louis Napoleon: Appointed by Constituent Assembly after the fighting; name appealed to many;
alliance with the peasantsWill spark revolts in Austria and Prussia
Frankfurt Assembly: Called to start writing a constitution for a unified GermanyGermany is
industrializing and powerful MC is countered by a growing radical left (increasing Hohenzollern
opposition existed)
Schleswig & Holstein: Denmark controlled provinces that Germany claimed were theirs
Unit 12: The Age of Nationalism
Louis Napoleon: Elected by UMS; “straddled the political spectrum”- had the name of his uncle and
was able to unify; NOT nationalist- use of censorship, spy networkNamed himself Emperor
Napoleon III in 1852 (After Coup d’etat- created UMS right after to make support)
Rebuilt Paris (Baron de Hausmann) (Cheap housing); right to unions, strike, kept Assembly
New Constitution (1870): Parliamentary regime with hereditary emperor
Giuseppe Mazzini: Italian; LEFT- democratic Italy; RIGHT- papal/religious association; Desired
constitutional monarchy with Kingdom of Sardinia under King Victor Emmanuel (middle)
Pope Pius IX: Initial support for unification of Italy, gave way to fear and hostility
Syllabus of Errors (1864): Pius IX denounced radicalism, socialism, separation of church and state
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Count Cavour: Leader of Sardinian gvt; Sought unity for states of northern and central Italy into
SardiniaHighways and railroads in Sardinia, civil liberties; Secret alliance with Napoleon III
against AustriaAttacked in 1859 and only got Milan, forced to resign; Came back in 1860
Giuseppe Garibaldi: Wanted to get the south; plans to “liberate” the 2 Sicilies
“Red Shirts”: Guerilla band of fighters (mostly peasantry); won battles, tried to attack Rome (blocked
by Cavour, would start war with France)
Garibaldi gives southern Italy to CavorPuts the national unity above his own desires
Zollverein: German customs union; Creates a tight economic link (didn’t include Austria); Prussia head
William I of Prussia: Saw need to reform armyRejected by Parliament
Otto von Bismarck: Wants expansion and unity of German states; Prussia to be a major power; Uses
nationalism as a tool for Prussian power; Just reorganized the army and raised taxes w/o consent
- Brief war with Denmark over Schleswig HolsteinNeutralized France (land), Russia (Poland) to
keep them out of the war
Austro-Prussian War of 1866: (7 weeks); Bismarck had a better army but didn’t crush Austria- would
show too much power; Declared by Austria; Generous peace terms to curb revenge
New North German Confederation: Led by Prussia; King & Chancellor (Bismarck); Houses of gvt
(Reps and UMS); Southern Catholic states stayed independent but allied with Prussia
“Blood and Iron Speech”: Bismarck; Greatness is dependent on blood and iron, not discussion and
compromise- Prussia will only be great if it has the military power to prove itself
Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871): Bismarck realized that patriotic war with France would arm the
southern German states; Wanted France to start (Ems Dispatch); Apparent Issue: succession dispute
over SpainLouis Napoleon will be captured and humiliated
French patriots will claim another French republic; vow to continue fightingHave to give up
- William I is crowned Emperor of Germany in Versailles (symbolic of Germany’s power)
Ems Dispatch: French/Prussian reps met at a spa at Ems; Bismarck edited the telegrams to get
France to start a war with Prussia
1st Treaty of Versailles: France had to pay a huge sum (they started the war), cede Alsace-Lorraine
Vengeful France- Prussia outnumbered them, stronger military, stronger gvt
- Bismarck/Kaiser Wilhelm- Declare Prussia a satisfied nation- do not aspire more territory
Crimean War of 1853-1856: Dispute with France over who should protect Christian shrines in the
Ottoman EmpireShowed how far back Russia had fallen in industrializing
Alexander II: Rapid social change, general modernization; 1861- frees all serfsThought it would lead
to economic growth
Zemstvo (1864): Local Gvt- 3 class system of towns, villages, noble landowners (most control)
Alexander III: Political modernization stopped, increased economic modernization- Russia can
modernize without freeing people
Sergei Witte: Finance minister; Inspired by Friedrich List; state owned railroads; Gvt-directed
economy; Encouraged foreigners to build in Russia; Tariffs to protect domestic economy; heavy
industry goods (for the military especially); Creation of a new Proletariat class
Nichals II: Last Czar- sees the middle class’ desire for change; Wants to combine with nationalist
demands too
Ruso-Japanese War: Russia loses surprisingly to a very underestimated Japan
Revolution of 1905: Starts with the Bloody Sunday Massacre- peaceful workers protest at winter
palace, guards open fire on them
October Manifesto: Full civil rights, promised an elected Duma; Insists on full veto power
Fundamental Laws: New constitution on eve of first Duma; elected indirectly by UMS, Czar could veto
Seen by MC as a step backward; Czar Dismissed Duma after 3 months
Peter Stolypin: Tough chief minister; encouraged the enterprising peasants
Reichstag: Lower house of German government; elected
National Liberals: Supported Bismarck, Wanted a stronger unity to help increase power
Kulturkampf: “Culture War”- attack on the church; Pius IX wanted church loyalty above national
Catholic Center Party: Raised tariffs to make the farmers happy; other nations will follow
Laws of 1883,1884: National sickness and accident insurance; Law of 1889- old age pensions
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William II: Emperor in 1890; Forced Bismarck to resign
Paris Commune (1871): Want Paris (liberal) to govern without the rest of France
Leon Gambetta: Third republic had firm foundations for 10 years, even splitting into parties
Jules Ferry: Laws passed for Free public education; new teachers to teach patriotic republicanism to
win loyalty of the young citizens (dismissed older nuns and the church)
Dreyfus Affair: Jewish member of the army had problems; exposed disunity in the army
John Stuart Mill: On Liberty (Benthamite)- wants to protect the rights of the individuals
Benjamin Disraeli: Conservative Party; Extends vote to all middle class males- gamble- hopes to gain
new votes (Peasants will definitely vote Torie)
Reform Bill of 1832: 12% can vote
Third Reform Bill of 1884: UMSWanted more votes; the working classes would revolt
People’s Budget: Increase spending on social welfare (tax the rich to help the poor)
David Lloyd George: Prime Minister, Liberal Party- National health insurance, unemployment benefits,
pensionsPlacates the lower classes
Ulsterites: Ulster County residents of southern Ireland, Catholics
Theodore Herzl: Desired a national state for Jews (Zionist Movement)
Revisionism: Effort by various socialists to update Marxian doctrines to reflect realities
Edward Bernstein: Evolutionary Socialism- Marx’s predictions were proved false
Jean Juares: Socialist leader in France
Chapter 24: Life in Emerging Urban Society
Edwin Chadwick: Believed that government’s job is to do all it can for its people; Showed that better
sanitation could prevent more diseases
Jeremy Bentham: Gvt should do the greatest good for the greatest people; Utilitarianism
Miasmatic Theory: Belief that disease is contracted by inhaling odors
Louis Pasteur: Germ theory; believed that these tiny living organisms could be killed
Joseph Lister: “Antiseptic Principle”- chemical disinfectant could kill bacteria
Baron Georges Hausmann: Responsible for rebuilding Paris under Napoleon III
Electric Streetcars: Cheaper, faster, more dependable than horse drawn carriages
Labor Aristocracy: Highly skilled workers; 15% of working classes; Earned 2x unskilled workers
My Secret Life: Anonymous autobiography of an English sexual adventurer
“Separate Spheres”: Wife should be homemaker, husband as wage-earner
Mary Wollstonecraft: Started movement for equality of the sexes, rights for women
1882 Law: English married women get full property rights
Feodor Dostoevski: The Brothers Karamazov- shows that people hated their fathers
Thermodynamics: Relationship between heat and energy
Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy can not be created or destroyed, only changed in form
Dmitri Mendeleev: Periodic table and periodic law
Michael Faraday: Electromagnetism- major advancement for electricity
Auguste Comte: System of Positive Philosophy- belief that all activity progresses through predictable
stages (Disciple of Saint-Simon)
Charles Lyell: Principle of Uniformitarianism- geological processes slowly formed earth’s surface
Jean Baptiste Lamarck: Belief that all forms of life arise through a long process of adjustment to earth
Charles Darwin: On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection- how evolution occurred
(common ancestor, survival of the fittest, natural selection)
Realism: Anti-RomanticismArt should be about true life of man and real living; people are important
Balzac: The Human Comedy- panorama of post-revolutionary life
Flaubert: Madame Bovary- depth and accuracy of psychological insight
Zola: Animalistic view of working class life
Mary Ann Evans (“George Eliot”): Middlemarch- people are shaped by social environment
Count Leo Tolstoy: Realism in description and character development
Theodore Dreiser: Sister Carrie- about an ordinary girl in Chicago
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Unit 13: The Age of European Imperialism
Robert Fulton: Created a successful steamboat in New York; shipping got cheaper, faster
Suez & Panama Canals: Modern port facilities; allowed for faster, cheaper loading and unloading
Canton: Chinese city that was suspect to mass Opium smuggling (it was outlawed)
Lin Tse-Hsu: Sent by Qing dynasty to Canton to try and root out illegal Opium trade
Opium War of 1842: When British merchants refused to order Chinese laws; Chinese cities will be
forced to open up to British merchants for trade
Treaty of Nanking (1842): British economic control of China; China cedes Hong Kong, pays $100
million, must open 4 major cities to trade with low tariffs
Commodore Matthew Perry: Went into Edo Bay (1853); got Japan to allow trade in 2 ports with US
Muhammad Ali: Egypt; got rid of political rivals, started to build his own state (BIG army)
Ismail: 16 year rule as “khedive” (Prince) after MA; Westernized- irrigation, Arabic language; financial
issues (led to France and GB taking political/economic control of Egypt)
Colonel Ahmed Arabi: Egyption Nationalist party; forced Ismail’s abdication
Shogun: Hereditary military governor of Japan (Had the real power)
Meiji Restoration (1867): Coalition led by samurai seized the gvt and restored the political power of the
emperor; series of measured to reform Japan to catch up to the west (*Industrialize)
Qing Dynasty: On verge of collapse in 1860; able to last 30 more years; relied on Imperialism
Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895: Harsh peace treaty hurt China badly
Hundred Days Reform (1898): China meets foreign challenges and improves itself
Boxer Rebellion: Rebellion of secret societies; resulted in declined prestige of Qing dynasty
“Dwarf Economy”: Friedrich List; tiny plots of land, small industryPrompted migrations
“Migration Chain”: 1 man left, the rest followed and joined him
“Great White Walls”: Americans and Australians; laws to keep out Asians
Afrikaners/Boers: Original Dutch in Cape Town; declared independence from GB and defended it
Cecil Rhodes: British; overtook Boer states and established protectorates (Want East Africa to protect
British holdings in India)
Leopold II of Belgium: Energetic about imperialism; Causes GB and France to send people to claim
land in Africa (Belgium wanted Central Africa, Congo Basin- rubber, needed for industry)
Pierre De Brazza: Sent by France to claim Western Sudan3rd Republic desperate to unite the
French behind government- conquered territory and promoted its importance
Berlin Conference: Jules Ferry of France and Otto von Bismarck
“Effective Occupation”: Want to prevent war b/w GB and France; prevents 1 nation from ruling
entire continent (Bismarck didn’t care about colonies, just wanted to keep GB and France busy)
- To claim land in Africa, must have army occupation (Weakens GB Fr domestically)
General Horatio H Kitchener: GB; met Muslims and Omdurman, and crushed them there
Dreyfus Affair: Forced France to back down and let British take over conquest of Africa
Technology aiding conquest: Machine gun, quinine (controlled malaria), telegraph
“White Man’s Burden”: Belief that white men are supposed to “civilize” inferior peoples
J. A. Hobson: Imperialism- rush to get colonies was from economic needs of unregulated capitalism;
colonies only helped some people in countries, not everyone
Joseph Conrad: Heart of Darkness- “pure selfishness” of Europeans “civilizing” Africa
India: “Jewel of the British Empire”; Traded tea and cotton
Sepoys: Hired Indian soldiers that were used to help the British East India Company
Sepoy Rebellion: Sparked by issues with new guns that used pork/cow fat gun packets; Sepoys didn’t
believe that British cared about them (“Sepoy Mutiny”)
Rajes: Princes that land in India was divided amongst
Indian National Congress: Hindu dominated, demands for equality and self-Government
Unit 14: World War I and the Russian Revolution
Franco-Prussian War: Increased tensions between European nations
“Satisfied Power”: Germany didn’t desire any more territory, only desired peace
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Three Emperors’ League: Linked monarchies of Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Russia (So Austria
and Russia couldn’t ally with France)
Bismarck’s System of Alliances: Want to keep France isolated
William II: dismissed Bismarck (1890); refused to renew Russian-German Reinsurance Treaty
Alexander II: Beheaded in 1981
Anglo-French Entente of 1904: Settled all outstanding colonial disputes b/w Eng, France
Algeciras Conference of 1906: Germany demanded it; ended up leaving with nothing, but just worrying
all other European nations about its’ danger
First Balkan War: Serbia joined with Greece and Bulgaria against Ottoman Empire
Second Balkan War: Disputes b/w Serbia and Bulgaria
“Black Hand”: Secret radical society secretly supported by the Serbian government (Assassinated
Archduke Francis Ferdinand and Wife Sophie)
Third Balkan War: Austria-Hungary gave Serbia an ultimatum; Germany gave A-H a “blank check”
- Russia was forced to get involved
Schlieffen Plan: Provided for a two front war- knock out France through Belgium, turn on Russia
General Helmuth von Moltke: Demanded Belgium to allow them through; was refused
Triple Entente: Britain, France, Russia
1st Battle of the Marne: French attacked a gap in the German line; Germans would end up falling back,
preventing Germany from capturing Paris and the rest of France
Trench Warfare: Used in WWI; resulted in mass deaths; had to go “over the top”; no man’s land, etc
Erich Remarque: All Quiet on the Western Front- description of deadly trench warfare
Lawrence of Arabia: British colonel; arouse Arab princes to revoltGB smashed Ottoman Empire for
good in 1918
Lusitania: British passenger ship sunk by German U-Boat submarines; had passengers and munitions
Woodrow Wilson: US President; entered the war- saw German U-Boat warfare as attack on everyone
Walter Rathenau: German electric company head; head of German Raw Materials Board
German Raw Materials Board: rationed and distributed raw materials
Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg: Driven out of office by military leaders in 1917
Hindenburg & Ludendorff: New leaders in Germany; declared for mobilization of total war
Auxiliary Service Law (1917): Required all males 17-60 to work at jobs helping war effort
Ministry of Munitions: England; Organized private industry to produce for war, controlled profit, wages,
David Lloyd George: Prime Minister in 1916 of GB
Henri Philippe: New general in French army; promised no more grand offensives to restore order
Georges Clemenceau: “The Tiger”; ruthless, effective wartime leader of France
Czar Nicholas II: Wanted full veto power for the Czar
Progressive Bloc: Wanted new government responsible to the Duma
Tsarina Alexandra: Took over when Nicholas went to the front lines
Grigory Rasputin: Invited by Czarina to try and help Alexei; rumors of his ruling, and affairs
Alexei: Heir to the Russian throne; suffered from hemophilia (secret)
March Revolution: Czar abdicated the throne, wanted a more democratic nation
Alexander Kerensky: New leader of the Provisional government
Petrograd Soviet: Mass meetings of workers, watched the Provisional Gvt and made rules too
Army Order Number 1: Led to total collapse of army discipline
Vladimir Lenin: Banished from Russia for Marxist ideas; came back and believed that Marxist
revolution was possible in backwards nations like Russia with help from Peasants
Bolsheviks: Followers of Lenin (“majority”)
Mensheviks: (“Minority”)
Leon Trotsky: With Lenin, joined to gain power from the Petrograd Soviet
“Land, Bread, Peace”: Promised by Lenin and Trotsky to gain support of the people
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: Ceded almost 1/3 of Russia to Germany; allowed Russia to leave war
Russian Civil War: Between the “Reds” (Lenin & followers), and “Whites” (everyone else)
Reds miraculously win (more centralized, organized, had industry, had army, etc.)
Ckeka: Old Czarist secret police that was re-established
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Weimar Republic: Government set up in Germany after the fighting ended; somewhat left
Treaty of Versailles: “Compromise gone wrong”; ended up with demilitarization of the Rhine,
reparations fees, distribution of Germany’s colonies, etc., League of Nations; alliance between Eng,
France, US, Alsace Lorraine returned
League of Nations: Desired by Wilson; permanent international organization to prevent war
National Self-Determination: As long as many cultures existed in single empires, the possibility of
revolt always existed due to ethnic tensions
US Senate: Refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles and didn’t join League of Nations
Unit 15: The Age of Anxiety
Friedrich Nietzsche: German philosopher; Believed that all optimistic things in Europe were falseespecially down on religion and democracy; idea of the “uber-man”
Henri Bergson: Believed that immediate experience and intuition were needed to understand life
Georges Sorel: Rejection of democracy and believed masses would be controlled by rev. elite
Logical Empiricism: US+GB; Only believe in things that can be verified by math and science; no
deeper meaning can be found for things
Ludwig Wittgenstein: Tratacus Logico-Philosophicus- Philosophy is on the clarification of thoughts
Existentialism: Continental; No meaning, no progress, no goal; we are just here
Jean Paul Sartre: Human beings simply exist
Camus: Sisyphus- No greater goal is freeing; Once realized, life can be better
Martin Heidegger & Karl Jaspers: Brought Existentialism to Germany
Soren Kierkegaard: Christian Existentialist; there is a god, but he has no plan for us
Karl Barth: Wanted to recreate the intensity of the Reformation
Gabriel Marcel: Catholicism and belief provided hope, humanity, honesty, piety
Jacques Maritain: Denounced Anti-Semitism and promoted closer ties
Marie Curie: Radioactivity
Max Planck: Quantum physics
Albert Einstein: Theory of Relativity- Only constant in the universe is the speed of light, time alters
because of your position in the universe
Ernest Rutherford: Subatomic particles (*Esp. Neutron- important for the atom bomb)
Werner Heisenberg: “Principle of Uncertainty”- impossible to know exact location of an electron
Sigmund Freud: Founder of modern Psychology; Superego, Ego, Id; subconscious behaviors
Virginia Wolfe: Jacob’s Room- Our views are very small
James Joyce: Ulysses- Main character just says what he feelsThe real human
Oswald Spengler: The Decline of the West- West had reached its peak and was likely to go into
decline; the Yellow Race (Asians) would take over
George Orwell: 1984- Negative view- argues that mankind is so desiring of control that we are allowed
to be manipulated
Kafka: Metamorphosis- Play; a man who is turning into a cockroach- man is filthy and gross
T.S. Eliot: The Love Song of J. Alfred Profock- urban isolation=loneliness
Functionalism: Architectural movement that buildings should be useful
Le Corbusier: Franco-Swiss architectural genius
Chicago School of Architects: Louis H. Sullivan; cheap steel, concrete, electric elevators
Frank Lloyd Wright: American modern architect that inspired Europe
Walter Gropius: Started the Bauhaus- combined school of the arts
French Impressionism: The real thing is the essence of the thing; capture the impression
Monet: Light, color, seem blurred; not as photogenic and detailed
Renoir: People
Van Gogh: The Starry Night- “Id on canvas”; able to feel the struggle
Paul Cezanne: At the basis of everything is structure (Precursor to cubism)
Henri Matisse: Fauvism- focus on color, line, form
Pablo Picasso: Cubism- geometry of zigzagging lines
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Dadaism: Attacked all accepted standards of art
Surrealism: World of wild dreams and complex symbols
Igor Stravinsky: The Rite of Spring- rhythms, provocative dance
Alban Berg: Wozzeck- Opera; tale of a soldier driven by inner terrors and suspicions
The Great Train Robbery: 1903- First major silent short film
Charlie Chaplin: “King of the Silver Screen”- combined new mass entertainment and artistic feats
Guglielmo Marconi: Radio- first wireless communication and development of vacuum tube
British Broadcasting Corporation: British company for radio; supported by licensing
“Fireside Chats”: Radio addresses given by political leaders
Leni Riefenstahl: Master of German Nazi propaganda movies
John Maynard Keynes: Economic Consequences of the Peace- shift away from traditional
mercantilism; a nation is rich from its exchange of goods
Little Entente: Alliance of France, Czech, Romania, Yugoslavia (Frightened GB)
Ruhr District: Germany’s industrial part occupied by French soldiers when Weimar Republic was
unable to pay the reparations fees
Gustav Stresemann: Took gvt leadership in Germany
Beerhall Putsch (1924): Hitler and drunk friends tried to topple government; unsuccessful
Dawes Plan: Reparations were reduced and based on level of German prosperity; loans from US
Treaties of Locarno: France and Germany accept their common border; Germany settles
outstanding boundary disputes; GB and Italy agree to gang up on any nation that is too
aggressive and causing trouble
Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928): Condemned and denounced war as a means of national policy;
desire to settle all disputes peacefully
Mein Kampf: “My Struggle”; book written by Hitler while imprisoned
Labour Party: Champion of the British working classes and greater social equality
Ramsay MacDonald: Governed country with support of Liberalparty
Buying “On Margin”: Paying only part of a stock, borrowing money for the rest
“Counter-Cyclical Policy”: (Keynes)- If money is moving, people will be motivated to spend
Franklin Delano Roosevelot: “New Deal” (Socialism)
Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933: Raise prices and farm income by limiting production
National Recovery Administration: Reduce competition, fix prices and wages
Works Progress Administration: New agency to employ people in public works projects
Scandinavia: Adopted the Counter Cyclical Policy
Popular Front: France; alliance of different political groups against Fascists
Leon Blum: Strongest Socialist (Leader of the Popular Front)
Civil War in Spain: Led to a growth of extremism in France, collapse of the Popular Front in 1937
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