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APES Ch. 4 and 5 Study Guide By the end of this section, you should be able to: Describe the process of natural selection Identify the factors that affect biological evolution Understand the importance of niche Describe the processes of speciation and extinction Describe genetic engineering and evaluate the potential consequences Differentiate between the properties of weather and climate Describe the Coriolis Effect and air convection currents and discuss their impact on global air circulation Identify the layers of the atmosphere, their properties and the importance of the natural “greenhouse effect” Determine the factors that influence earth’s climate Explain how climate determines the location of the major biomes Identify the major types of desert, grassland, forest and mountain biomes Discuss how human activities have affected biomes Textbook References: Miller, Living in the Environment, 15th edition: Chapter 4 and 5 Realized vs. fundamental niche Generalist vs. specialist Endemic Species Artificial Selection Genetic Engineering Genetically Modified Organisms Adaptive radiation Weather vs. climate Mutation Natural selection Mass vs. background extinction Coriolis effect Convection Green house gases Green house effect Ozone layer Permafrost Ecotone Directional natural selection Stabilizing natural selection Disruptive natural selection Coevolution Convergence Geographic isolation Reproductive isolation Latitude vs. elevation Windward vs. leeward side Rain shadow effect Discussion Questions. Must answer each in complete sentences. 1. Summarize the role of geographic and reproductive isolation in forming new species. 2. Describe connections among mutations, adaptations, differential reproduction, and biological evolution. 3. Why are endemic species especially vulnerable to extinction? 4. Describe biodiversity in terms of speciation and extinction. 5. Summarize how humans have tinkered with evolutionary processes (artificial selection, genetic engineering and GMO’s.) 6. Discuss the pros and cons of Genetic Engineering. 7. What are the two main factors that determine the climate of a biome? 8. Describe at least four different factors which contribute to global air circulation patterns. 9. Describe 2 examples of microclimates. 10. Describe how climate affects the distribution of plant life on Earth. Draw connections between biomes and the following plants: broadleaf evergreen plants, broadleaf deciduous plants, and coniferous plants. 11. Describe how a mountain ecosystem is like an “island of biodiversity.” Math Problems: Show all work and circle your answers. (Math Review) 1. Find the average of the following numbers: 124, 456, 788, and 343 2. Find the average of the following numbers: 4.56, 0.0078, 23.45, and 0.9872 3. In a small oak tree, the biomass of insects makes up 3000 kilograms. This is 4% of the total biomass of the tree. What is the total biomass of the tree? ) 4. (7.89 x 10-6) + (2.35 x 10-8) 5. (9.85 x 104) – (6.35 x 104) 6. (3.45 x 109) / (2.6 x 103)