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Welcome To Seminar Presentation
Seminar Report
On
Clockless Chips
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•Abstract
•Introduction
•Diamond or Carbon Chip concept
•Clock concept
•Problems with synchronous circuits
•Asynchronous (clockless)circuits
•How clockless chips works
•Simplicity in design
•Asynchronous for higher performance
•Asynchronous for low noise
•Asynchronous for low power
•Applications of clockless chips
•Challenges
•Conclusion
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•Chip:-A small piece of semiconducting material (usually silicon) on which an
integrated circuit is embedded.
•Diamond chip or Carbon chip:-By using carbon or diamond, we can achieve
smaller, faster and stronger chips.
•Clock Chip:-All operations must begin and end according to the clock’s timing
(synchronous) signals.
•Clockless Chip:-Today all faster chip is made by carbon chip uses a technique
known as asynchronous logic.
It makes hardware fast, power-efficient, less noisy, and easy-to-design.
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•Diamond chip is nothing but carbon chip.
•Carbon nanotubes were discovered in 1991.
•The major component using carbon is” Carbon Nanotubes”.
•It is a nano - size cylinder of carbon atoms
are arranged in hexagonal pattern.
•Carbon transistors are made of graphene.
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•The clock is a tiny crystal oscillator that resides in the heart of
every microprocessor chip.
•All components operate exactly once per clock tick and their outputs need to be
ready and next clock tick.
•One advantage of a clock is that, the clock signals to the devices of the chip when to
input or output.
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•Low performance:-All the components are tied up together and the system is
working on its worst case execution.
•Low speed:-A traditional CPU cannot "go faster" than the expected worst-case
performance of the slowest instruction.
•High power dissipation:-Clock is a tiny crystal oscillator that keeps
vibrating during all time as long as the system is power on, this lead into high power
dissipation by the synchronous circuit.
•High electro-magnetic noise:-It is associated with electromagnetic waves that
produce electromagnetic noise due to oscillations.
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•It uses handshakes signals for communication to each other components.
•In this case the circuits are not tied up together and forced to follow the global
clock timing signals .
•Each and every component is loosely and they run at average speed.
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Asynchronous is can be achieved by implementing three vital techniques:
•Clock less chips implementation: In order to achieve asynchronous as final goal
one must implement the electronic circuits without using central clock.
•Throwing away global clock: By throwing away the global clock it is possible now
for components to be completely not synchronized.
•Standardize of components: There is average speed in which the design of
system is dedicated to compile and the worst case execution will be avoided.
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•Clocked chips represent ones and zeroes using low and high voltages on a single
wire circuits.
•Clockeless chips use two wires, giving the chip communications pathways, not only to
send bits, but also to send "handshake" signals to indicate when work has been
completed.
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•There in no complexity of a simple design for clock less chips.
•Integrated pipeline mode plays an important role in total system design.
•There are about four factors regarding pipeline :
•Domino
logic
•Delay insensitive
•Bundle data
•Dual rail
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•Domino logic is a CMOS(Complementary MOS)-based which were based on either
PMOS(Positive MOS) or NMOS(Negative MOS) transistors.
•In a cascade structure consisting of several stages, the structure is hence called
Domino CMOS Logic.
•They have smaller areas than conventional CMOS logic.
•Higher operating speeds are possible.
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•Delay insensitive circuit is a type of asynchronous circuit which performs a logic
operation often within a computing processor chip.
•The sequencing of computation in delay insensitive circuit is determined by the data
flow.
•Handshake signals are used to indicate the readiness of such a circuit to accept
new and the delivery of such data by the requesting function.
•In a delay insensitive circuit, there is no need to provide a clock signal to determine
a starting time for a computation.
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•Dual rail is the technique employed to influence asynchronization of circuits by
establishing two connections to any circuit that is in connection.
•Hence it provides one line for handshakes signals and the other for data
transmission.
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•Bundled-data pipelines include novel data-dependent delay lines with integrated
control circuitry to efficiently implement speculative completion sensing.
•Simplifies the design of such nonlinear pipelines.
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In order to increase the performance of the circuit, the following are basics to be
implements.
•Data-dependent delays.
•All carry bits need to be computed.
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•Any system with clock will be having oscillations in it and will
create electromagnetic noise.
•This problem is greatly reduced to significant considerable range by discarding the
central clock and the spectra radiation are much smoother in asynchronous circuits.
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•Power consumption is very important aspect in designing any mobile and to
increase the battery capacity and life for battery driven devices.
•Hence asynchronization of power is completely inevitable to achieve a low level of
power dissipated.
•The circuit should consume power only when and where active.
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•Wearable computers: Wearable computers are mobile computers that are worn on
the body. These are especially useful for applications that require computational
support.
•Infrared communication: Infrared communication has asynchronous in nature
then clockless chips are implemented for its design.
•In pagers (beeper):.A one-way numeric ,alphanumeric pagers are available, as
well as two-way pagers that have the ability to send and receive email, numeric
pages, and SMS messages.
•Filter bank for digital hearing: A filter bank is an array of band-pass filters that
process has analysis and synthesis part.
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•Interfacing between synchronous and asynchronous
a) Many devices available now are synchronous in nature.
b) Special circuits are needed to align them.
•Lack of expertise.
•Lack of tools.
•Engineers are not trained in these fields.
•Academically, no courses available
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•Clock less chip in asynchronous circuit has much great advantage over clocked
chips.
•The obvious reasons for their super performance and average speed, low power
consumption, less heat and noise generated are in great demand of the current
market of electronic and computing world.
•This is a very new area of research , design and testing but if more scientists and
engineers are dedicated to this, then for surety it the future technology for mobile
electronic devices.
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