Download DEC 2016 BIO: some useful words File

WORD
DEFINITION OR NOTE
Movement
Change of position of the organism or parts of it
Useful
words
for
the
EC1 BIOenergy
EXAM from
DECEMBER
Respiration
Releasing
food 2016
Sensitivity
Responding to changes in the environment
Growth
Getting bigger (cells grow and/or divide)
Excretion
Getting rid of toxic waste
Nutrition
The intake of food, and the processes that
convert food substances into living matter
Control of
Keeping the internal environment stable, e.g.
internal
water concentration, temperature
conditions
Organelles
membrane-bound structures in the cytoplasm of
a cell which carry out particular functions.
Cell
basic unit of an organism
Tissue
a group of specialised cells carrying out the same
function.
Organ
a group of different tissues working together to
carry out a particular function.
Organ systems
a group of organs working together to carry out
a particular function.
cytoplasm
jelly-like substance in cells where chemical
reactions take place
animal
multicellular organism that is heterotrophic,
made of complex cells, and has no cell walls
plant
multicellular organism that is autotrophic, made
of complex cells, and has cell walls made of
cellulose
fungi
single or multicellular organisms that are
saprotrophic and have cell walls made of chitin
bacteria
very small single-celled organisms with no
nucleus (prokaryotes)
virus
has a protein coat, smaller than a bacteria, and is
a parasite (damages another organism)
glycogen
storage form of glucose in (most) bacteria, fungi
and animals
hyphae
threads making up the main body (mycelium) of
a multicellular fungus that perform saprotrophic
nutrition
autotrophic
nutrition where the organism makes its own
food by photosynthesis
heterotrophic
nutrition that consumes other organisms
saprotrophic
nutrition that uses enzymes to digest food
externally and absorb the products
vacuole
space in a cell filled with fluid (in plants it is the
largest part of the cell and filled with cell sap)
chloroplasts
structures containing chlorophyll and
responsible for photosynthesis
Respiration
the process by which food molecules are broken
down to release energy for the cells.
Glucose
a type of sugar, the main reactant in respiration
TOPIC
Useful words for the EC1 BIO EXAM DECEMBER 2016
Aerobic
respiration
Aerobic
Mitochondria
ATP
Carbon dioxide
Lime water
Hydrogencarbonate
indicator
Anaerobic
respiration
Lactic acid
food molecules broken down using oxygen to
release energy for the cells.
using oxygen.
the site of aerobic cellular respiration in a cell.
Substance that stores energy in the cell for a
short time
gas produced during aerobic respiration or
fermentation and used up during photosynthesis
solution of calcium hydroxide, used to test for
carbon dioxide.
chemical that turns orange/yellow where the
level of carbon dioxide is high
cellular respiration in the absence of oxygen.
product of anaerobic respiration. it builds up in
muscles with exercise. important in yoghurt and
cheese making processes.
Oxygen debt
condition after exercise during which extra
oxygen is needed to break down lactic acid
Fermentation
anaerobic respiration by yeast, plants or bacteria
Ethanol
a chemical in alcoholic drinks, produced by
fermentation.
Ventilation
breathing in (inspiration/inhalation) and out
(expiration/exhalation).
Inspiration
Breathing in
Expiration
Breathing out
Thorax
upper region of the body surrounded by the rib
cage and the diaphragm, and containing the
lungs and the heart.
Diaphragm
the sheet of muscle which divides the thorax
from the abdomen.
Trachea
tube between the mouth or nose and the bronchi
Bronchi
tubes through which air passes, between the
trachea and the smaller bronchioles
Bronchioles
small tubes that branch from each of the bronchi
Alveoli
air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes
place
Capillaries
tiny blood vessels, e.g. around alveoli
Haemoglobin
a protein in blood, responsible for carrying
oxygen
Oxyhaemoglobin formed when haemoglobin binds to oxygen
molecules.
Tar
thick, black chemical found in tobacco smoke
which can cause lung cancer, bronchitis and
emphysema.
Useful words for the EC1 BIO EXAM DECEMBER 2016
Nicotine
Carcinogen
Emphysema
Hypothesis
Independent
variable
Dependent
variable
Reliable
Control variable
Enzyme
Catalyse
Substrate
Denatured
Active site
solution
solute
solvent
dissolve
Concentration
gradient
Diffusion
Cell membrane
Semi-permeable
Osmosis
addictive drug found in tobacco
a chemical which is known to cause cancer.
condition of the lungs where walls of alveoli
break down causing breathlessness
using theory to predict results, e.g. ‘I think the
plants will be smaller because they do not have
enough water.’
the variable that you have decided to change,
e.g. the temperature of the enzyme in an
investigation to find out the effect of
temperature on enzyme activity.
the variable you are measuring as a result of
changing the independent variable, e.g. the
volume of CO2 produced as a result of different
amounts of exercise.
describes data we can trust. e.g. others get the
same results.
variable that might affect your result and
therefore must be kept the same e.g.
temperature.
large molecule that catalyses a reaction in the
body
speed up a chemical reaction
molecule that binds to an enzyme and is
converted into a product
enzymes that are denatured lose their shape and
can no longer catalyse a reaction.
the site on an enzyme where the substrates bind.
when a solute is dissolved in a solution – it mixes
completely and is transparent
The solid material that dissolves in a solvent
A liquid that dissolves a solute
when a solid becomes part of a solution
a difference in concentration across a membrane
the net movement of particles from an area of
high concentration to an area of low
concentration (along a concentration gradient).
the membrane around the contents of a cell
which controls what moves in and out of the cell.
allowing only certain substances to pass
through.
the net movement of water from an area of high
concentration (of water) to an area of low
concentration (of water) across a semi-
Useful words for the EC1 BIO EXAM DECEMBER 2016
permeable membrane.