Download Anatomy and Physiology Unit Test Review Sheet

Anatomy and Physiology Unit Test Review Sheet
1. Define ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
Anatomy – names of body structures
physiology – function of body structures
2. Know the levels of organization, from simplest to most complex
(atom, molecule, organelle) – cell – tissue – organ – organ system - organism
3. Describe the body cavities, what organs are found in each and be able to identify
them on a diagram
cranial
thoracic
dorsal
diaphragm
spinal
abdominal
pelvic
4. Describe the organ systems, their functions, and organs found in each
see back of packet
5. Describe the ANATOMICAL POSITION
Standing, facing forward, palms forward
6. Understand the body sections (slices) used to observe internal structures, be able
to label them on a diagram (sagittal, transverse, coronal)
Sagittal – left and right
transverse – top and bottom
coronal/frontal – front & back
7. Describe the body regions and identify them the diagram below
cranial
cervical
thoracic
pleural
pericardial
diaphragm
abdominal
ventral
abdominopelvic
pelvic
8. What are the four types of tissue and where are they located?
Epithelial – covers body, lines cavities muscle – heart, skelton & walls of internal
organs
Connective – connects organs
nervous – brain, spinal cord & nerves
9. List the 5 major functions of the skeletal system.
Protect organs, store minerals, produce blood cells, allow for movement,
provide structure & support
10. How many bones are there (normally) in your skeleton?
206
11. Explain the difference between:
A. Appendicular Skeleton – girdles & limbs
B. Axial Skeleton – skull, sternum, ribs & sacrum/coccyx
12. What is a joint and explain the following types of joints: immovable, gliding,
pivot, hinge and ball and socket.
Joint – where 2 bones meet immovable – fused, no movement
Gliding – bones slide towards another hinge – 1 bone stationary &1moves
Pivot – one bone rotates around another ball & socket – one bone fits in another
13. Explain the similarities and differences between tendons and ligaments.
Both connective tissue
tendons – muscle to bone
ligaments – bone to bone
14. Approximately how many muscles are in the human body?
650
15. What are the three types of muscles and give characteristics of each?
Skeletal – voluntary, striated, many nuclei & mitochondria cardiac– involuntary,
striated, single nucleus
smooth – involuntary, no striations, spindle shaped, 1
nucleus
16. What is the major function of the muscular system?
Responsible for all body movements – external and internal
17. Explain the difference between voluntary and involuntary muscles and tell
which of the three muscle types are voluntary or involuntary.
Voluntary – can control, skeletal
Involuntary – no control, cardiac & smooth
18. How is muscle movement attained?
When muscle moves an attached bone – must work in pairs
19. Explain how a flexor and extensor work and give an example of each.
Flexors bend and pull bone up (ex. Bicep)
Extensors straighten and pull bone down (ex. Tricep)
20. Explain the effects of aerobic exercise versus resistance training on
muscles.
Aerobic – stronger muscles, fatigue resistant, no change in size
resistance training – increase in muscle size
21. What happens to muscle as we age?
Muscle tissue decreases, so muscle mass decreases – muscles become
stringier (sinewy)
22. What are the three layers of the heart?
Pericardium, myocardium, endocardium
23. Label the parts of the heart.
1. aortic arch
2. superior vena cava
3. right pulmonary artery
4. right pulmonary veins
5. right atrium
6. tricuspid/mitral valve
7. right ventricle
8. inferior vena cava
9. left pulmonary artery
10. left pulmonary veins
11. left atrium
12. bicuspid valve
13. aortic valve
14. left ventricle
15. aorta
24. What is systole and diastole?
Systole – contraction of heart
diastole – relaxation of heart
25. Explain the difference between systemic, coronary and pulmonary blood
flow.
Systemic – from left heart to body coronary – around heart tissue
pulmonary – from right heart to lungs and back to left heart
26. List the four parts of the blood and what they do.
RBC – carry oxygen WBC – immune system (fight disease)
platelets – blood clotting plasma – dissolved gases, hormones, enzymes,
wastes
27. List the three types of blood vessels and their functions.
Arteries – carry blood AWAY from heart veins – return blood to heart
capillaries – nutrient and gas exchange
28. What is the difference between tachycardia and bradycardia?
Tachycardia – rapid heart beat bradycardia – slow heart beat
29. What is an arrhythmia?
Irregular heart beat
30. What is Arteriosclerosis?
Hardening of walls of small blood vessels
31. Explain what the three parts of an EKG are?
P = activation of atria
QRS = activation of ventricles
T = relaxation phase
32. What is the job of the urinary/excretory system?
It regulates heat, water, salt, acid-base concentrations and metabolite
concentrations
33. What art the main organs of the excretory system and what are their
functions?
Skin and associated glands: Removes heat and salts
Lungs: Removes carbon dioxide
Kidneys (part of the Urinary system): MAJOR excretory organs that
excrete metabolic wastes, regulate water-salt balance and acid-base
balance.
Liver: Removes metabolic wastes
34. What is the difference between the male and female urinary system?
Male’s urethra= sperm and urine
Female’s urethra= urine and reproductive tract are separate.
35. What are the three parts of the kidney?
Cortex: the outer part
Medulla: the middle part
Pelvis: the inner cavity where urine collects
36. Explain what a nephron is and what its job is.
Nephrons - tiny filtering units fill the cortex and medulla of the kidney.
1.Filters blood of:
Urea – formed in the liver from the breakdown of ammonia
Creatinine – formed in the muscles
Uric Acid – formed by the breakdown of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
2.Controls the balance of water in our bodies
3. Regulates pH of the blood
4. Regulates the concentration of dissolved ions in the blood
37. Explain how urine is made.
1. Filtration
Glomerulus to Bowman’s Capsule
Small substances pass (ions, water, glucose, amino acids) through diffusion
Large substances can’t pass (proteins, blood cells)
2. Reabsorption
Reabsorption from tubules through capillaries
(Salts, water, nutrients)
Left over filtrate is urine.
3. Elimination
The fluid than enters the collecting duct as urine. It passes through the pelvis into
the ureter.
Most of the water, ions and useful nutrients (glucose, amino acids) have been
reabsorbed.
38. How does the urinary system control water balance in the body?
When water levels are too low: 1.The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete
a hormone called anti-diuretic hormone (ADH). ADH travels through blood to kidneys. 2.
ADH increases the permeability of the tubules and collecting ducts. 3. More water is
reabsorbed into the blood so the urine is more concentrated
When water levels are too high: Hypothalamus doesn’t stimulate ADH secretion. Little
water is reabsorbed into the blood so the urine is more dilute.
Organ Systems
1. Integumentary system (skin) - protection
skin, hair, epidermis, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, nails, sensory receptors,
subcutaneous layer
2. Skeletal system – see question #9 for functions
bones, cartilages, ligaments, axial, appendicular, bone marrow
3. Muscular system – body movements.
skeletal muscles, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, tendons
4. Nervous system – regulation and response
central nervous system, CNS, brain, spinal cord, peripheral nervous system, PNS, nerves
5. Endocrine system – regulation and reproduction
pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal glands, kidneys, pancreas,
testes, ovaries, hormones
6. Cardiovascular system – transport of materials.
heart, blood vessels, arteries, capillaries, veins, blood
7. Lymphatic system – transport of wastes and immune cells.
lymphatic vessels lymph nodes, spleen, thymus
8. Respiratory system – exchange of gases.
nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, bronchi, alveoli
9. Digestive system - nutrition.
mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, gallbladder,
pancreas, large intestine, anus
10. Urinary system – excretion of wastes.
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
11. Reproductive systems – continuation of species.
Male reproductive system, testes, vas deferens, penis, scrotum
Female reproductive system, ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina