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Anatomy and Physiology Unit Test Review Sheet 1. Define ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Anatomy – names of body structures physiology – function of body structures 2. Know the levels of organization, from simplest to most complex (atom, molecule, organelle) – cell – tissue – organ – organ system - organism 3. Describe the body cavities, what organs are found in each and be able to identify them on a diagram cranial thoracic dorsal diaphragm spinal abdominal pelvic 4. Describe the organ systems, their functions, and organs found in each see back of packet 5. Describe the ANATOMICAL POSITION Standing, facing forward, palms forward 6. Understand the body sections (slices) used to observe internal structures, be able to label them on a diagram (sagittal, transverse, coronal) Sagittal – left and right transverse – top and bottom coronal/frontal – front & back 7. Describe the body regions and identify them the diagram below cranial cervical thoracic pleural pericardial diaphragm abdominal ventral abdominopelvic pelvic 8. What are the four types of tissue and where are they located? Epithelial – covers body, lines cavities muscle – heart, skelton & walls of internal organs Connective – connects organs nervous – brain, spinal cord & nerves 9. List the 5 major functions of the skeletal system. Protect organs, store minerals, produce blood cells, allow for movement, provide structure & support 10. How many bones are there (normally) in your skeleton? 206 11. Explain the difference between: A. Appendicular Skeleton – girdles & limbs B. Axial Skeleton – skull, sternum, ribs & sacrum/coccyx 12. What is a joint and explain the following types of joints: immovable, gliding, pivot, hinge and ball and socket. Joint – where 2 bones meet immovable – fused, no movement Gliding – bones slide towards another hinge – 1 bone stationary &1moves Pivot – one bone rotates around another ball & socket – one bone fits in another 13. Explain the similarities and differences between tendons and ligaments. Both connective tissue tendons – muscle to bone ligaments – bone to bone 14. Approximately how many muscles are in the human body? 650 15. What are the three types of muscles and give characteristics of each? Skeletal – voluntary, striated, many nuclei & mitochondria cardiac– involuntary, striated, single nucleus smooth – involuntary, no striations, spindle shaped, 1 nucleus 16. What is the major function of the muscular system? Responsible for all body movements – external and internal 17. Explain the difference between voluntary and involuntary muscles and tell which of the three muscle types are voluntary or involuntary. Voluntary – can control, skeletal Involuntary – no control, cardiac & smooth 18. How is muscle movement attained? When muscle moves an attached bone – must work in pairs 19. Explain how a flexor and extensor work and give an example of each. Flexors bend and pull bone up (ex. Bicep) Extensors straighten and pull bone down (ex. Tricep) 20. Explain the effects of aerobic exercise versus resistance training on muscles. Aerobic – stronger muscles, fatigue resistant, no change in size resistance training – increase in muscle size 21. What happens to muscle as we age? Muscle tissue decreases, so muscle mass decreases – muscles become stringier (sinewy) 22. What are the three layers of the heart? Pericardium, myocardium, endocardium 23. Label the parts of the heart. 1. aortic arch 2. superior vena cava 3. right pulmonary artery 4. right pulmonary veins 5. right atrium 6. tricuspid/mitral valve 7. right ventricle 8. inferior vena cava 9. left pulmonary artery 10. left pulmonary veins 11. left atrium 12. bicuspid valve 13. aortic valve 14. left ventricle 15. aorta 24. What is systole and diastole? Systole – contraction of heart diastole – relaxation of heart 25. Explain the difference between systemic, coronary and pulmonary blood flow. Systemic – from left heart to body coronary – around heart tissue pulmonary – from right heart to lungs and back to left heart 26. List the four parts of the blood and what they do. RBC – carry oxygen WBC – immune system (fight disease) platelets – blood clotting plasma – dissolved gases, hormones, enzymes, wastes 27. List the three types of blood vessels and their functions. Arteries – carry blood AWAY from heart veins – return blood to heart capillaries – nutrient and gas exchange 28. What is the difference between tachycardia and bradycardia? Tachycardia – rapid heart beat bradycardia – slow heart beat 29. What is an arrhythmia? Irregular heart beat 30. What is Arteriosclerosis? Hardening of walls of small blood vessels 31. Explain what the three parts of an EKG are? P = activation of atria QRS = activation of ventricles T = relaxation phase 32. What is the job of the urinary/excretory system? It regulates heat, water, salt, acid-base concentrations and metabolite concentrations 33. What art the main organs of the excretory system and what are their functions? Skin and associated glands: Removes heat and salts Lungs: Removes carbon dioxide Kidneys (part of the Urinary system): MAJOR excretory organs that excrete metabolic wastes, regulate water-salt balance and acid-base balance. Liver: Removes metabolic wastes 34. What is the difference between the male and female urinary system? Male’s urethra= sperm and urine Female’s urethra= urine and reproductive tract are separate. 35. What are the three parts of the kidney? Cortex: the outer part Medulla: the middle part Pelvis: the inner cavity where urine collects 36. Explain what a nephron is and what its job is. Nephrons - tiny filtering units fill the cortex and medulla of the kidney. 1.Filters blood of: Urea – formed in the liver from the breakdown of ammonia Creatinine – formed in the muscles Uric Acid – formed by the breakdown of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) 2.Controls the balance of water in our bodies 3. Regulates pH of the blood 4. Regulates the concentration of dissolved ions in the blood 37. Explain how urine is made. 1. Filtration Glomerulus to Bowman’s Capsule Small substances pass (ions, water, glucose, amino acids) through diffusion Large substances can’t pass (proteins, blood cells) 2. Reabsorption Reabsorption from tubules through capillaries (Salts, water, nutrients) Left over filtrate is urine. 3. Elimination The fluid than enters the collecting duct as urine. It passes through the pelvis into the ureter. Most of the water, ions and useful nutrients (glucose, amino acids) have been reabsorbed. 38. How does the urinary system control water balance in the body? When water levels are too low: 1.The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete a hormone called anti-diuretic hormone (ADH). ADH travels through blood to kidneys. 2. ADH increases the permeability of the tubules and collecting ducts. 3. More water is reabsorbed into the blood so the urine is more concentrated When water levels are too high: Hypothalamus doesn’t stimulate ADH secretion. Little water is reabsorbed into the blood so the urine is more dilute. Organ Systems 1. Integumentary system (skin) - protection skin, hair, epidermis, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, nails, sensory receptors, subcutaneous layer 2. Skeletal system – see question #9 for functions bones, cartilages, ligaments, axial, appendicular, bone marrow 3. Muscular system – body movements. skeletal muscles, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, tendons 4. Nervous system – regulation and response central nervous system, CNS, brain, spinal cord, peripheral nervous system, PNS, nerves 5. Endocrine system – regulation and reproduction pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal glands, kidneys, pancreas, testes, ovaries, hormones 6. Cardiovascular system – transport of materials. heart, blood vessels, arteries, capillaries, veins, blood 7. Lymphatic system – transport of wastes and immune cells. lymphatic vessels lymph nodes, spleen, thymus 8. Respiratory system – exchange of gases. nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, bronchi, alveoli 9. Digestive system - nutrition. mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, large intestine, anus 10. Urinary system – excretion of wastes. kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra 11. Reproductive systems – continuation of species. Male reproductive system, testes, vas deferens, penis, scrotum Female reproductive system, ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina