Download Unit Notes - 6 to 8

Social 30-1
Related Issue Two
Chapters 6 to 8
Chapter 6: Evolution of Modern Liberalism
Economics
- 1900 to WWII
- WWII to Present Day
Progressivism
- Define
o The political orientation of those who favour progress toward better conditions
in government and society.
- Between Canada and the United States, what progressive efforts have been made to
change economic liberalism?
o Identify the action and examples of said action.
 Meat Inspection Act (1906)
 Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
 Theodore Roosevelt – The Square Deal
 A prevention of large companies from taking over control of a
resource or service in the marketplace.
 Sherman Anti-Trust Act
 Breaking up trusts and preventing monopolies
 Alphonse Desjardins
 Credit Unions – banking institution owners by its members where
members were granted better lending rates and lower fees.
 Most often found in rural areas and farming districts.
Progressivism in Practice
- Divide the page into four sections
o Top Left – Canada under Bennett
 Set up relief camps for those suffering due to the recession/Great
Depression (Shift to the left)
 Food, shelter and public works jobs – infrastructure
 Also introduced the social insurance act.
 However Bennett made cuts to government programs and project in the
hopes that Laissez-Faire would restore the economy.
o Top Right – USA under Harding & Coolidge
 Return to Normalcy
 Isolationsim – excluded themselves from international affairs.
 Nativism – promoted conditions for existing Americans –
reduction of immigration
 Reduction of government intervention.
 Reduction of income tax
 Reduction to immigration – Only 3% of each existing ethnic populations
can be permitted entry into US.
 Personal income tax reduced
o Bottom Left – Canada under William Lyon MacKenzie King
 Social Programs introduced:
 Public works programs
 Crown corporation – trans-canada airlines
 Centralized governing of Canada’s ports
 Infrastructure investments
 Unemployment insurance programs
 Family Allowances
 National Housing Act
o Post WWII
 Universal Health Care
 Canada Pension Plan
 Crown Corporations
 CBC developed
 Bank of Canada
 National Film Board
 CRTC
o Bottom Right – USA under Franklin D. Roosevelt
 Based on Keynesian Economics
 Government should control inflation
 Public works programs to relieve unemployed
 Encouraged unions
 Social safety nets
 Social security
 Financial assistance for the elderly and disabled.
The United States
The Roaring Twenties
http://www.statcan.gc.ca/studies-etudes/75-001/archive/e-pdf/87-eng.pdf
- Warren G Harding – Return to Normalcy
- Calvin Coolidge
o Pulling USA to the Right – what were their actions and examples of said action?
The Great Depression
- What was its social impact on the world?
-
Franklin D. Roosevelt – The New Deal
o Chart: Policies Pulling USA Left
Canada
The Great Depression Part One
- Bennett – Laissez Faire
o Argument in support of Laissez-Faire
The Great Depression Part Two
-
-
William Lyon MacKenzie King – Welfare State & Mixed Economy
o Chart: Policies Pulling Canada Left
 Post War Economy – Canada, page 215
 Strengthened social programs
 Create of welfare state ideas:
o Universal health care
o Old age security
o Foreign investment review agency
o CRTC
Moved towards Modern liberalism – abandoning the more ‘free market’ ideas for some
government intervention
Post WWII
British Welfare State
- Sir William Beveridge: social security is necessary but should not stifle incentive,
opportunity or responsibility
o Provide a minimum to live but leave room for people to strive to obtain more than
the minimum
o Britain established several acts to provide some social security (social safety nets,
social programs)
- Start of the growth of modern liberalism internationally – some social programs, to assist
people – employment insurance, assistance to elderly , child care and health care
Economic Crisis of 1970s – Failure of Modern Liberalism
- Causes:
o Withdrawal from Bretton Woods agreement
 These countries no longer had to use price of gold to determine worth of
currency
 World currencies freely floated on markets – led to inflation and slowing
of economic activities
o Arab-Israeli War (4th)
 OPEC – 5 month embargo on oil to US and Netherlands (supporting
Israel)
 reduced production –prices skyrocketed - gas shortages in US –
consumer goods rose – prices rose – economic slowdown and
inflation
 Liberal democracies faced a slowdown in the economy (recession) and
inflation - Stagflation
 Britian realized that they could no longer spend their way out of recession
(Keynesian economics wasn’t working!!)
1970’s
Recession + Inflation = Stagflation
-
A New Way of thinking: Monetarism
o Recession of 1970s led to a pendulum swing back to favouring the more classical
liberal notion of laissez faire or free market (in some countries)
o Monetarism:
 Control of countries money supply is the best way to encourage economic
growth and limit unemployment and inflation
 Money supply is controlled through the regulation of interest rates
o Milton Friedman
 Inflation was caused by too much money supply (fault of the Central
Banks over production)
 Argued that as money rises – consumer spending rises – demand rises –
inflation rises....which leads to a recession
 Wanted money supply to be linked to the rate of inflation (an economic
indicator)
o Friedrich Hayek
 Critic of collectivism (and Keynes)
 Believed for collectivism to work the government needed to control the
economy which would eventually lead to the government controlling
social aspects of people’s lives
 Believed it was impossible for government to have the knowledge and
ability to make all economic decisions
 Government controlled supply but would never have enough
knowledge of demand
o Both promoted Price System, Free market
 Only way to balance supply and demand and maintain individual liberty
Source Analysis
- 178 (Poster)
- 184 (Extra Info)
o Develop Outline for paragraph and hand in.
Keynesian vs Monetarism
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d0nERTFo-Sk
- Handouts
- T-Chart
Price System/Free Market
There are 5 key characteristics in a market economy
1. Private ownership/freedom to buy and sell
Goods and services must belong to the individual who is free to sell them for
whatever price they can convince a buyer to pay
The buyer is free to seek out the best deal possible
2. Free competition
Businesses are free to produce whatever they want, however, many businesses
can produce the same goods
Competition helps keep prices low for consumers
3. Prices are set by forces of supply and demand
Price is determined by how much is available compared to how much the
consumer wants it.
4. Profit motive
To make as much money (profit) as possible – ultimate goal
5. Consumer Sovereignty
The consumer decides what will be produced with the resources available as they
will only buy what they want
Economic principles and the practice of liberalism
T-Chart
- USA argued that liberal goals are achieved by limiting government intervention and only
providing the most basic social programs
o Drive for wealth arises from self-interest and need to complete (individualism,
classical liberalism notions)
- Canada, Sweden favour more government intervention
o Argue that inequality undermines liberalism as citizens fall victim to business
cycle and struggle (modern liberalism – social safety nets)
o Still encourage private property and initiative but also believe in government
intervention and taxation as essential elements of society
o The level of involvement depends on the status of the economy
Economic Spectrum
- Identify the Individual
- Place on Spectrum
- Identify Actions and Policies that Support Placement
o Connect these actions and/or policies to the principles of an ideology
People and Countries to Identify – Venn Diagram
- Ronald Reagan – Reaganomics
o Argued that government spending was the fault behind the national deficit.
o Wanted less government involvement.
o Reduced income taxes, business taxes, government regulation on private
enterprise.
 Argued that the wealthy are most able and likely to reinvest their capital
back into the system.
o Increased government spending on military.
- Margaret Thatcher – Thatcherism
o Privatized public housing, utility companies.
o Fought against unions and striking workers.
o Reduced government involvement in the economy.
- Tony Blair – Third Way
o Combined free market economics and social democracy
o Increased public spending on health care and education.
o Introduced a minimum wage.
o Free tuition at university was eliminated with a low level fee now required a fee.
Social Safety Nets
Take notes based on film. We will place the countries on an economic spectrum in terms of social
safety nets from right wing to left wing.
- US
- Canada
- Britain
- France
- Sweden
Sweden
Source - http://www.theguardian.com/money/2008/nov/16/sweden-tax-burden-welfare
 Income Tax Rates
o Incomes over 32,000 pounds – pay 49 to 60% in tax.
 How the government intervenes - Social Safety Nets
o Kindergarten costs 97 pounds a month
o Public Education
o Free health and dental care for everyone under 18 years
o Child allowance of 1,080 pounds per child.
o Joint parental leave for 480 days
o For 390 days of leave parents earn 80% of income (cap is 35,800 pounds)
 The remaining 90 days – 14,60 pounds/day
o Pension can be collected at 61 years
 Government provides 55% of salary
 There is a guaranteed minimum pension for those without effort work
experience
o Unemployed receive 80% of former income for 200 days
 70% of former income for next 100 days
 Those never employed before receiving can earn 25 pounds per day
 How successful is this strategy
o Caused extremely high taxes to the people.
o Estimated that in the 1960s, 70% of the population depended on the government
for its livelihood
Canada
- Individualism (can have private ownership, individual rights) and collectivism (still look
out for needs of society - social assistance programs, gov’t ownership
- Canada has implemented some Keynesian Economics
o Put billions into building and repairing infrastructure.
-
The exception to the rule – Alberta & Ralph Klein
o Supply Side Economics
 Cut spending to reduce the deficit (education, health care)
 De-regulated to help improve business (less rules)
 Privatization (AGT)
Outcomes
- analyze how ideological conflict shaped international relations after the Second World
War
-
-
-
o expansionism
o containment
o deterrence
o brinkmanship
o détente
o nonalignment
o liberation movements
analyze perspectives on the imposition of the principles of liberalism
o Aboriginal experiences
o contemporary events
analyze the extent to which modern liberalism is challenged by alternative thought
o Aboriginal collective thought
o Environmentalism
o religious perspectives
o neo-conservatism
o postmodernism extremism
evaluate the extent to which resistance to the principles of liberalism is justified
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Challenges to liberalism: Foreign Policies
Student Notes
- Yalta Conference
o Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt
o Met to redraw Europe and guide the nation-states liberated from Hitler and Nazi
Germany. The leaders wanted to…
 Build economic foundations and policies for the countries
 Restore sovereign rights of countries
 Establish peace and provide relief
 Form interim governments and facilitate elections to re-establish
government
Shift in the Balance of Power after WWII
Discussion Points
Were the countries seeking to help or expand their ideologies beyond their borders?????
- Created global bi-polar existence – USA & USSR
- Equal in strength which acted as a deterrent to war
o Cold War – there was always a threat of aggression between the USA and USSR.
It saw propaganda, espionage but very little fighting.
Cold War Caused by…
- Difference in strategy to defeat Hitler.
- A lack of agreement on what should be done in Central Europe (USA wanted a
democratic Poland, Stalin wanted Poland in his sphere of influence)
- General fear/mistrust of each other – Communism vs. Capitalism – and who would
become the world’s superpower.
Iron Curtain
- Coined by Churchill to describe the border between Soviet dominated countries and
Western Europe.
o American Perspective – The Iron Curtain is the BLOCKADE from freedom for
those oppressed by Communism
o Soviet Perspective – The Iron Curtain is the PROTECTION from capitalism
Emergence of the Cold War: Expansionism & Containment
- Both sides were stronger after the war due to…
o Militarization
o Colonization
- Both sides feared the other side would grow and become stronger with a stronger
military, a takeover of global markets and win the war of ideas (science and technology).
- Expansionism and the desire to obtain more SPHERES OF INFLUENCE drove the
USSR and USA to the brink of war causing severe tension between the countries
o Text Questions – 238-41
 Why would Stalin oppose ideas of a united Germany?
 What was the purpose of Stalin’s ‘Buffer Zone’?
 What was the purpose of Truman’s policies of expansionism? 241
Berlin Under Western Powers & USSR – page 244-5
Interactive Note Sheet
- Five key events of the Post-Yalta Conference
Truman Doctrine – 1947
- Doctrine was to ensure that the Soviets could not establish a sphere of influence
o Containment – attempting to stop the spread of communism
o Truman (president) authorized economic and military support to Greece and
Turkey after the British informed them that they could no longer afford it
- Doctrine was aimed to “support free peoples who are resisting subjugation by armed
minorities (communists) or by outside pressure”
o Beginning of a policy to create a buffer zone around USSR
Marshall Plan 1948-1952 (Economic part to Truman Doctrine)
- American policy to improve the economic and military strength of Western Europe to
deter the spread of communism (containment)
o Seemed necessary because of Soviets demands in Poland, Iran, Greece, Turkey
and Czech
Berlin Blockade - 1948
- Soviets attempted to force the West out of Berlin by Stalin blockading any supplies from
entering West Berlin (The Western Zone under the jurisdiction of Britain, France and
USA)
o The USSR demonstrated their desire to take over control of city by any means.
This heightening tensions between USA and USSR
- Americans and British airlifted supplies to city for 11 months
Marshall Plan versus Molotov Plan – Pages 242-3
Student Notes – T Chart
- What aid was being provided?
- For whom?
- What were the conditions of accepting the aid?
NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization 1949
- An agreement between USA, Britain, France, Netherlands, Canada, etc. for mutual
protection and defense – an act against one is an act against all.
- Containment – contained allied support against Soviet expansionism
Warsaw Pact
- Communist equivalent to NATO, member were East Germany, USSR, Hungary, Poland,
Romania, Albania, Bulgaria
Nuclear Arms Race
USA
- They developed and tested the H-Bomb in 1952.
- Respond to Sputnik with the DEW Line – Defense and Early Warning System
USSR
- Developed an H-Bomb in 1953.
- In 1957, USSR launches Sputnik, the first satellite in space, and the world feared a
missile attack.
Videos
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zcDd6irDqvg
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u4MVJIU0gFk
Stalin Quote
- What argument does Stalin present to support USSR’s actions of expansionism?
o Directly quote source to support your answer
Novikov
- What argument does Novikov present to support USSR’s actions of expansionism?
o Directly quote source to support your answer
Truman
- What argument does Truman present to support USA’s actions of containment?
o Directly quote source to support your answer
Rise of Nuclear Warfare
- The arms race was the desire of each superpower to build up more military (nuclear)
weapons than the other influenced
Cold War – USA
- Cuban Missile Crisis
Key Terms for the Cold War
1. Deterrence
a. The aim of both superpowers to discourage the advancements of the other
superpower by building up military and armament.
i. Nuclear weapons and related technologies were a deterrent to war as each
side feared the consequences
ii. Mutually Assured Deterrence
2. Brinkmanship
a. The practice of taking the opposing side to the very edge of full combat yet
avoiding any form of attack. The ultimate game of ‘chicken’.
i. Cuban Missile Crisis
3. Détente
a. The attempt to lessen the tensions between the two superpowers through
diplomacy, arms talks and reductions to defense and cultural exchanges.
Characterized by treaties, arms limitations, more open communications.
i. Détente showed how countries could use diplomacy to settle differences.
ii. Why practice détente?
1. USSR was spending billions of dollars on the arms race – better
relations with Western Europe might open up trade.
2. US wanted to spend more money on social programs, and the
Vietnam War draining economy.
Teacher note:
Norm during the presidential terms of Nixon, Carter, Ford and early part of Brezhnev’s – several
arms talks
4. It hoped to preserve a balance and limit the possibility of either side gambling on a first
strike
5. Failed to stop the arms race completely - many weapons weren’t on the list, limited
only the amount, not the development of them, both maintained first strike capability
and enough weapons to intimidate the opponent
a. Examples, page 256:
i. Partial Test Ban Treaty - 1963
ii. Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty - 1968
iii. Strategic Arms Limitation Talks - SALT negotiations
iv. SALT I - 1969 – Bilateral Treaty between USSR and USA to limit nuclear
and offensive weapons
1. SALT II – 1974 – Ford and Brehnev met to negotiate more but it
was strongly opposed by the US senate, USSR invaded
Afghanistan - SALT II never ratified
v. Helsinki Accord 1975 (p. 256)
1. USSR ended Détente when they invaded Afghanistan in 1979 (to
gain their alliance), SDI led to more tensions
2. 1982 – START (Strategic Arms Reduction Talks) attempted to
nuclear warheads – 2/3 of USSR and ½ of USA to be destroyed –
USA always maintained superiority – unsuccessful until
Gorbachev came in 1985 as leader
3. American Dominance allowed the re-occurrence of Détente
negotiations in the late 1980s under Gorbachev and Reagan – INF
Treaty in 1987
USSR – Cold War Period – Page 247-8
1. Maintaining Satellite States
a. Some states made attempts to break free from the Iron Curtain. We need to
examine their strategy for breaking free and whether or not they’ve succeeded or
failed.
i. Make notes for each of the following countries and how they attempted to
rid themselves of the Soviet Influence. They identify whether they
succeeded or failed in preventing Soviet Expansionism.
1. Hungary (1956)
2. Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1968)
3. Yugoslavia (1955+)
2. Nonalignment movement
a. The movement of nation-states refuting an alliance to either side of the Cold War
and seeking sovereignty to govern their own international affairs.
3. Liberation movements
a. Military and political struggles of people for independence from countries that
have colonized or otherwise oppressed them.
Analyze how ideological conflict shaped international relations after the Second World
War
4. Expansionism
a. The foreign policy of acquiring the additional territory through a takeover of
another country’s sovereignty to spread influence, ideology and market.
5. Containment
a. The American Cold War foreign policy of containing the spread of communism by
establishing strategic allies around the world through trade and military
alliances.
6. Deterrence
a. The aim of both superpowers to discourage the advancements of the other
superpower by building up military and armament.
7. Brinkmanship
a. The practice of taking the opposing side to the very edge of full combat yet
avoiding any form of attack. The ultimate game of ‘chicken’.
i. Cuban Missile Crisis
8. Détente
a. The attempt to lessen the tensions between the two superpowers through
diplomacy, arms talks and reductions to defense and cultural exchanges.
9. Nonalignment movement
a. The movement of nation-states refuting an alliance to either side of the Cold War
and seeking sovereignty to govern their own international affairs.
10. Liberation movements
a. Military and political struggles of people for independence from countries that
have colonized or otherwise oppressed them.
Cold War Era
Page 270 – Question 3 (reworded)
Thesis development practice
To what extent was liberalism abandoned in the United States during the Cold War Era?
1. Reciprocal Espionage
a. Rosenbergs – Spying for the Soviets
i. Who were they and what did it mean for the United States?
b. U-2 – Spying for the Americans
i. How do these actions relate to liberalism?
2. Red Scare
a. Analyais
i. What message is this comic cover portraying?
b. Propaganda
1. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g_DaMKUP3Og&list=PLA7F
B4350C537C468&index=68
2. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AWeZ5SKXvj8&list=PLA7FB
4350C537C468
3. McCarthyism
a. Joseph McCarthy and his campaign to eliminate the threat of communism, pages
266-7
i. What effects might McCarthyism have had on the liberalism in the US?
Anti-War Movement
- Vietnam War
Chapter 8
To what extent is modern liberalism continuing to evolve
To what extent is resistance to liberalism justified
4. Modern Liberalism
a. Principles
b. Where did they originate?
5. Challenges
a. Analyze the extent to which modern liberalism is challenged by alternative
thought.
1. When did the movement begin?
2. What are the main principles of the ideology?
3. What initiatives has this ideology influenced?
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
4. Who are the key players, political parties or organizations behind
the ideology?
5. On the political spectrum, where is this ideology compared to
modern liberalism?
Environmentalism
Neo-Conservatism
Religious Perspectives
Aboriginal collective thought
Common beliefs (Classical and Contemporary):
 traditional values should only be changed slowly
Contemporary Neo - Conservatism
 limited government involvement in the economy
 very limited range of social welfare programs
 increased government protection of morality
 emphasis on populism
 maintain traditional social values
 distrust of trade unionism
 Ronald Reagan, “Man is not free unless government is limited.”
Margaret Thatcher, “To cure the British disease with socialism was like trying to cure leukemia
with leeches.”