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Structure,Classification Carbohydrate !! Of CARBOHYDRATE Carbohydrates are energy- rich organic compounds that contain the elements carbon, hydrogen & oxygen in 1:2:1 ratio. The general empriral formula for a carbohydrate is CH2O SOURCE OF CARBOHYDRATES Carbohydrates are found in a wide array of both healthy & unhealthy foods. Example: Cereal gains, vegetables, fruits, sugar, vit B, table sugar, syrup, honey etc. CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES According to the number of basis sugar or saccharide units incorporated in the molecule — carbohydrates can be classified into monosaccharide, oligosaccharide & polysaccharide Monosaccharides are five types Trioses Tetrodes Pentodes Hexoses Heptoses Oligosaccharides are two types Disaccharides Trisaccharides Polysaccharides are two types Structural polysaccharides Storage polysaccharides MONOSACCHARIDE Monosaccharide is the simplest form of carbohydrates. They consist of one sugar. They are usually colourless. They are soluble in crystalline solid & insoluble in solvents. Backbone of monosaccharide is unbranched carbon chain. Most have sweet taste. They cannot be further hydrolyzed into simple carbohydrates. Those monosaccharides that contain an aldehyde group are called aldoses. E.g. glucose Those containing a ketone group are ketoses. E.g. fructose. Monosaccharide are categorized by the number of carbon & whether an aldehyde / ketone. TRIOSES Simplest monosaccharide. Contains three carbon atoms E.g. Glyceraldehyde & Dihydroxyacetone TEROSES Contain four carbons They have either a functional aldyde group in position 1 or functional ketone group in position 2. E.g. D-Erythrose PENTOSES Contain five carbons. Aldopentoses have an functional aldehyde group at position 1 & ketopeptoses have an functional ketone group at position 2 / 3 E.g. Xylose, Ribulose, Arabinose, Deoxyribose. HEXOSES Contain six carbons. Aldohexoses having functional aldehyde group at position 1 & ketohexoses having functional ketone group at position 2. E.g. Glucose, Fructose. HEPTOSES Contain seven carbons. Either aldoheptoses have a functional aldehyde group in position 1 or ketoheptoses have a functional ketone group in position 2 E.g. sedoheptulose, Mannoheptulose. OLIGOSACCHARIDE Oligosaccharide is a saccharide polymer containing a small number typically three to ten component sugar The name is derived from Greek word oligos meaning “a few” & sacchar which means “sugar” They generally found either O or N-linked to compatible amino acid side chains in protein / in lipids They joined together by a specific glycosidic bond Oligosaccharides are further subdivided based in number of monosaccharide units. DISACCHARIDE Composed of two monosaccharide. Formed when two sugars are joined together & one molecule of water is removed. E.g. Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose. TRISACCHARIDE Composed of three monosaccharide with two glycosidic bonds connecting them. Glycosidic bond can be formed between any hydroxyl groups on the specialised monosaccharide. E.g. Erlose POLYSACCHARIDE When ten or more sugar monomers are linked together called polysaccharides. They are non reducing carbohydrates. They are not sweet in taste. Polysaccharides are two types. STRUCTURAL POLYSACCHARIDES All the monomers are the same in the homo- polymer, synthesized from beta glucose units. E.g. Cellulose. STORAGE POLYSACCHARIDE All the monomers are different Storage polysaccharide. E.g. strarch, insulin, Glycogen. FUNCTION OF CARBOHYDRATES Main function of carbohydrates is to provide body energy in the form of glucose. Carbohydrates are stored as glycogen in animals and starch in plants. Excess of glucose are converted to fat for storage. Pentose sugars are the components of DNA, RNA, and ATP & NAD etc. The liver of well-fed animals’ rich in glycogen such liver is more resistant to certain poison like alcohol or arcenic & toxins of bacteria than the livers of under- fed animals with low glycogen reserves. This is the general notes on Structure and Function of Carbohydrates. Thank you for reading. Introduction,The Branches Of Biochemistry !! BIOCHEMISTRY Biochemistry is a branch of medical science that attempt to describe the structure, organization & functions of living matter in molecular terms. Biochemistry also the science concerned with the chemical constituents of living cells & with the reactions & processes they undergo. It is also the language of biology basic to the understanding of different phenomena both in biological & medical sciences It is also concerned with the study of structure & function of cellular components, such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids. FATHER OF BIOCHEMISTRY Justus Von Leibig. DIFFERENT DIMENSION OF BIOCHEMISTRY Biochemistry encompasses large areas of. Cell biology. Molecular biology. Molecular genetics. Developmental biology. Molecular pharmacology. Molecular & cellular physiology. Microbiology. Immunology. Toxicology. BRANCHES OF BIOCHEMISTRY TOXICOLOGY Study of effects of poison on living organism. CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY Study of the changes of that disease causes in the chemical composition & biochemical process of the body. AGRICULTURAL BIOCHEMISTRY Study of chemical process occurs in plants, animals, & microorganisms. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY To describe & explain molecular term of all chemical process of living cells. Complete understanding at level of all chemical process associated with living cells. APPLICATION OF BIOCHEMISTRY Biochemistry used in different field. MEDICINE Biochemistry is useful in understanding the disease & development of drugs. AGRICULTURE Biochemical processes in plants are used to enhance the crop productivity & quality yield. NUTRITION Value of different food examined according to their suitability & nutritional benefits. INDUSTRY Pharmacological industry relies greatly on biochemistry because the chemical component of our body must be studied in relation to the chemical s we used as drugs. This is the introduction of Biochemistry and it’s Branches. Thank you.