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Chapter Introduction Section 1: A Changing World Section 2: Early Exploration Section 3: Spain in America Section 4: Exploring North America Visual Summary A Changing World Essential Question What events and technological advances paved the way for European exploration? Early Exploration Essential Question Why did Spain and Portugal want to find a sea route to Asia? Spain in America Essential Question How did Spain’s conquests affect the economic and social development of the Americas? Exploring North America Essential Question Why did European nations establish colonies in North America? What events and technological advances paved the way for European exploration? Reading Guide Content Vocabulary • classical • pilgrimage • technology • mosque • astrolabe • Quran Academic Vocabulary • acquire • impose Reading Guide (cont.) Key People and Events • Crusades • Marco Polo • Renaissance • Mansa Mūsā Do you feel that studying classical or modern works is more important? A. Classical B. Modern A. A B. B 0% B A 0% New Ideas and Nations The Renaissance began in the Italian city-states and spread throughout Europe. New Ideas and Nations (cont.) • The Crusades brought western Europe into contact with the Middle East. • European merchants knew they could make a fortune selling goods from Asia, and their interest grew after Marco Polo returned from China. • In the 1300s a period of intellectual and artistic creativity—known as the Renaissance— began. A Young Explorer New Ideas and Nations (cont.) • Italian citizens studied the classical works of Greece and Rome with renewed interest. • During the Renaissance, the development of nation-states in western Europe helped expand trade and interest in overseas exploration. The French term “Renaissance” translates into which word? A. Greek B. Learning 0% D A 0% A B C 0% D C D. Italian B C. Rebirth A. B. C. 0% D. Technology’s Impact Technology produced better means of navigation and paved the way for European voyages of exploration. Technology’s Impact (cont.) • Advances in technology paved the way for European voyages of exploration. • Several advances made a difference for explorers: – The printing press – More accurate maps Navigation Tools Technology’s Impact (cont.) – Instruments, such as the astrolabe – Europeans also acquired the magnetic compass – Better ships Navigation Tools Who invented the compass? A. The Italians B. The Spanish 0% D A 0% A B C 0% D C D. The British A. B. C. 0% D. B C. The Chinese African Kingdoms Ghana, Mali, and Songhai were among the most powerful empires in Africa. African Kingdoms (cont.) • Between A.D. 400 and A.D. 1100, a vast trading empire called Ghana emerged in West Africa and prospered from the taxes imposed on trade. • Mali’s greatest king, Mansa Mūsā, made a grand pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca and returned with an Arab architect who built great mosques in Timbuktu. African Trading Kingdoms African Kingdoms (cont.) • Led by Askìya Muhammad, the Songhai people eventually captured Timbuktu, introduced laws based on the Quran, and developed a sophisticated plan for his country’s government. Muslim houses of worship are referred to as which of the following? A. Cathedrals B. Temples 0% D A 0% A B C 0% D C D. Churches B C. Mosques A. B. C. 0% D. Why did Spain and Portugal want to find a sea route to Asia? Reading Guide Content Vocabulary • saga • strait • line of demarcation • circumnavigate Academic Vocabulary • devote • alter Reading Guide (cont.) Key People and Events • Henry the Navigator • Bartholomeu Dias • Vasco da Gama • Christopher Columbus • Amerigo Vespucci • Ferdinand Magellan Do you feel that traveling to new places is beneficial or fruitless? A. Beneficial B. Fruitless A. A B. B 0% B A 0% Seeking New Trade Routes Portugal took the lead in finding a sea route to India. Seeking New Trade Routes (cont.) • Prince Henry of Portugal, known as Henry the Navigator, helped lay the groundwork for the era of exploration that was beginning. • In 1487 King John sent Bartholomeu Dias to explore the southernmost part of Africa and from there to sail northeast into the Indian Ocean. Early Portuguese Exploration Seeking New Trade Routes (cont.) • Vasco da Gama was the first Portuguese explorer to reach India. • Events moved quickly after da Gama’s return home, and soon the Portuguese capital of Lisbon was the marketplace of Europe. The Caravel Which of the following explorers claimed part of Brazil for Portugal? A. Vasco da Gama B. Pedro Álvares Cabral 0% D A 0% A B C 0% D C D. Christopher Columbus B C. Bartholomeu Dias A. B. C. 0% D. Columbus Crosses the Atlantic After Christopher Columbus reached the Americas, Spain and Portugal divided the world’s unexplored regions. Columbus Crosses the Atlantic (cont.) • According to Norse sagas, a Viking named Leif Eriksson explored what historians believe was North America about the year A.D. 1,000. • Christopher Columbus planned to reach Asia by sailing west, but underestimated the size of the world. The Vikings Columbus Crosses the Atlantic (cont.) • For most of the 1400s, Spanish monarchs devoted their energy to driving the Muslims out of Spain. After the last Muslim kingdom fell, Queen Isabella was finally able to support Columbus’s expedition. Columbus Crosses the Atlantic (cont.) • Columbus reached part of the group of islands now called the Bahamas, but believed he had reached the East Indies. – To convince the crew that they had not traveled too far from home, Columbus altered the distances in the ship’s log. European Voyages of Exploration Columbus Crosses the Atlantic (cont.) • In 1493 Pope Alexander VI drew a line of demarcation in order to divide land between Spain and Portugal. • In 1502 Amerigo Vespucci concluded that South America was a continent, not part of Asia. European Voyages of Exploration Columbus Crosses the Atlantic (cont.) • In 1520 Ferdinand Magellan sailed through the waters of a strait and into the Pacific Ocean. • Although Magellan later died, his crew continued west and became the first known people to circumnavigate the world. European Voyages of Exploration Who had already sailed to North America several centuries before Columbus? A. The Chinese B. The Portuguese 0% D A 0% A B C 0% D C D. The Romans B C. The Vikings A. B. C. 0% D. How did Spain’s conquests affect the economic and social development of the Americas? Reading Guide Content Vocabulary • conquistador • encomienda • pueblo • plantation • mission Academic Vocabulary • grant • found Reading Guide (cont.) Key People and Events • Hernán Cortés • Montezuma • Francisco Pizarro • Atahualpa • Hernando de Soto Do you agree that European explorers had the right to disrupt other civilizations? A. Strongly agree B. Agree 0% D A 0% A B C 0% D C D. Strongly disagree B C. Disagree A. B. C. 0% D. Explorers and Conquests Spanish explorers conquered Native American empires and found new lands. Explorers and Conquests (cont.) • Explorers known as conquistadors received grants from Spanish rulers to explore and establish settlements in the Americas. • Hernán Cortés landed on the east coast of present-day Mexico in 1519 and conquered the Aztecs and their emperor Montezuma in 1521. Spanish Explorers Explorers and Conquests (cont.) • In 1532 Francisco Pizarro captured the Inca ruler, Atahualpa, and destroyed much of the Inca army. • Juan Ponce de Leon made the first Spanish landing and settlement on the North American mainland, arriving on the east coast of present-day Florida in 1513. Spanish Explorers Explorers and Conquests (cont.) • Inspired by stories about seven cities of gold, Hernando de Soto led a failed expedition throughout the present-day southeastern United States. Spanish Explorers Which explorer searched for the Fountain of Youth in Florida? A. Juan Ponce de Leon 0% D C D. Francisco Vasquez de Coronado B C. Hernando de Soto A. A B. B C.0% C 0% 0% D. D A B. Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca Spanish Rule As the Spanish settled their colonies in the Americas, a strict social class structure formed. Spanish Rule (cont.) • Spanish law called for three kinds of settlements in the Americas: – Pueblos – Missions – Presidios Spanish Rule (cont.) • In 1598 Juan de Oñate founded the province of New Mexico and introduced cattle and horses to the Pueblo people there. • In the 1500s, the Spanish government granted conquistadors who settled in the Americas an encomienda. This system turned the Native Americans into slaves. Spanish Rule (cont.) • To raise crops for export, the Spanish developed the plantation system, and by the late 1500s plantation slave labor was an essential part of the economy of the colonies. Which class owned the land, served in the Catholic Church, and ran the local government? A. Peninsulares 0% D 0% A D. Native Americans A B C 0% D C C. Mestizos A. B. C. 0% D. B B. Creoles Why did European nations establish colonies in North America? Reading Guide Content Vocabulary • mercantilism • Northwest Passage • Columbian Exchange • coureur de bois Academic Vocabulary • globe • chart Reading Guide (cont.) Key People and Events • Martin Luther • Protestant Reformation • John Calvin • John Cabot • Jacques Cartier • Henry Hudson Do you agree that people today are accepting of other people’s religions? A. Strongly agree B. Agree 0% D A 0% A B C 0% D C D. Strongly disagree A. B. C. 0% D. B C. Disagree A Divided Church Protestantism became a powerful religious force in Europe during the 1600s. A Divided Church (cont.) • In 1517 Martin Luther, a German priest, protested against the Catholic church, starting a great religious and historical movement known as the Protestant Reformation. • John Calvin, a French religious thinker, also broke away from the Catholic church. A Divided Church (cont.) • King Henry VIII left the Catholic church and became the head of the new Church of England. • The religious divisions between Catholics and Protestants in Europe also influenced life in North America. Which reason contributed to King Henry VIII leaving the Catholic Church? A. The Pope would not declare his first marriage invalid. D. 0% 0% D A B C D 0% B 0% A C. A. The Pope would not allow him B. to impose the death penalty. C. The Pope would not make him a saint. D. C B. The Pope would not allow him to marry multiple wives. Economic Rivalry European nations competed to establish colonies in the Americas. Economic Rivalry (cont.) • In addition to religion, the promise of great wealth was also a factor that pushed European nations across the Atlantic Ocean. • According to the economic theory of mercantilism, a nation’s power was based on its wealth. Economic Rivalry (cont.) • The voyages of Columbus and other European explorers brought together two parts of the globe that previously had no contact: Europe, Asia, and Africa in one hemisphere and the Americas in the other. • Scholars refer to the exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between these continents as the Columbian Exchange. The Columbian Exchange Economic Rivalry (cont.) • England, France, and the Netherlands sent explorers to chart the coast of North America and, later, establish trade and colonies. • They also hoped to find a Northwest Passage—a direct water route through the Americas—to Asia. • John Cabot, Jacques Cartier, Giovanni da Verrazano, and Henry Hudson all searched for the Northwest Passage. Economic Rivalry (cont.) • The French saw North America as an opportunity to make profits from fishing and fur trading rather than a place to settle. • French trappers were called coureurs de bois, or “runners of the woods.” • In 1621 the Dutch West India Company set up a North American colony—New Netherland. Which of the Europeans bought present-day New York City from the Manhates people for about $24? A. British 0% D 0% A D. Dutch A B C 0% D C C. Spanish A. B. C. 0% D. B B. French Section Transparencies Menu Daily Test Practice Transparency 2–1 Lesson Transparency 2A Select a transparency to view. Section Transparencies Menu Daily Test Practice Transparency 2–2 Lesson Transparency 2A Lesson Transparency 2B Select a transparency to view. Section Transparencies Menu Daily Test Practice Transparency 2–3 Lesson Transparency 2B Lesson Transparency 2C Select a transparency to view. Section Transparencies Menu Daily Test Practice Transparency 2–4 Select a transparency to view. classical relating to ancient Greece and Rome technology the use of science in commerce and industry astrolabe an instrument used by sailors to observe positions of stars pilgrimage a journey to a holy place mosque a Muslim house of worship Quran the book composed of sacred writings accepted by Muslims as revelations made to Muhammad by Allah through the angel Gabriel acquire to come to have as a new or added characteristic, trait, or ability impose to establish or imply by authority saga a long detailed story line of demarcation an imaginary line running down the middle of the Atlantic Ocean from the North Pole to the South Pole dividing the Americas between Spain and Portugal strait a narrow passageway connecting two larger bodies of water circumnavigate to sail around the world devote to commit by a solemn act alter to change conquistador Spanish explorer in the Americas in the 1500s pueblo home or community of homes built by Native Americans mission religious settlement encomienda system of rewarding conquistadors with tracts of land and the right to tax and demand labor from Native Americans who lived on the land plantation a large estate run by an owner or manager and farmed by laborers who lived there grant special privilege or authority found establish or set up mercantilism the theory that a state’s or nation’s power depended on its wealth Columbian Exchange exchange of goods, ideas, and people between Europe and the Americas Northwest Passage water route to Asia through North America sought by European explorers coureur de bois French trapper living among Native Americans globe the planet Earth chart to map To use this Presentation Plus! product: Click the Forward button to go to the next slide. 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