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Tony Ford Science Monday, 1 December 2014 page 1 8.1Lesson1Energy IntroductionQuestions: 1. Whatisenergy? 2. Wheredowegetitfrom? 3. Whatdoweuseitfor? 4. Canitbestored? 5. Whathappenstoitafterweuseit? Energyitselfishardtode1inebutweallneedit. Itcomesfrommatterbutitisnotmatter. Afamousequation(E=mc2)representstheconversionofmattertoenergyinthesun andnuclearexplosions. Whenwesaysomeonehas“lotsofenergy”thenweareaccuratelydescribingwhat energydoes.Itenablespeopletonotonlylive(eatandbreathe)butalsodowork.In factanydevicethatusesenergydoeswork.Doingworkmeanstomoveandchange thingssuchasapersonridingabike,anenginedrivingacarorchemicalsmakingan explosion. EnergySources Theenergyyouusecomesoriginallyfromaplaceorobject. Naturalsourcesincludethesun,wind,coal,petrol,gas,wavesandtides,hotsprings, riversandwaterchannels,plantsandanimals,nuclearmaterials. Arti1icialsourcesincludebatteries,powerstations,matches,lasers. SomesourcesarecalledRenewableEnergySourcesbecausetheycanbereplacedevery dayandwon’trunout. Question: Whichoftheabovenaturalsourcesarerenewable? Indecidingtheenergysourcerequiredforeverydayusemanyfactorsneedtobe consideredincludingrenewability,availability,pollution,ef1iciency,portability. FormoreinformationonenergysourcesandenergygenerationseeYear6lesson6.7 Generatingelectricity. EnergyForms Energycomesintwoforms;PotentialEnergyandKineticEnergy PotentialEnergyisstoredenergy. KineticEnergyistheenergyofmotion. Potentialenergycanbeeasilyconvertedtokineticenergy,whichthendoesworkasit changesormovesanobject. ExamplesofPotentialEnergy 1. Gravity–sittingontopofawaterslide,waterstoredinadamonamountain. Tony Ford Science Monday, 1 December 2014 page 2 2. Chemical–coal,petrolgas,wood,batteries,explosives 3. Nuclear-Uranium 4. Elastic–windupspring,stretchedrubberband 5. StaticElectricity–storedinthundercloud 6. Heat–steamorhotsprings. Theadvantageofpotentialenergyisthatitcanbetransportedandusedonlywhen neededandtheenergyisreleased. ExamplesofKineticEnergy 1. Gravitational-Motionoffalling 2. Throwingorshootingprojectiles 3. Mechanical–motionofmachines 4. Electrical–motionofelectricity 5. Light–raysfromthesun,torches. 6. Heat–movingthroughmaterialsorrisinginair 7. Sound-Movinginwaves 8. Water–Movinginwaves,streams,pipesandcurrents 9. Wind–airmovingfromhightolowpressureorfromafan. Kineticenergycanmoveorchangeanobjectbutissoonusedupunlessasourceof energyiscontinuallyproducingit. DoExperiment:8.2InvestigatingPendulums Tony Ford Science Monday, 1 December 2014 page 3 EnergyConvertors Convertorsuseenergy.Theyarecalledconvertorsbecausetheenergyusedischanged afteruse. RememberEinstein’sEnergyConservationLaw: Energycanneverbecreatedordestroyed(exceptinnuclearreactions) Soaconvertorcanonlychangeenergytoadifferentform.Intheprocessausefulenergy formisproducedandsomenon-usefulonessuchasheat. ConvertorEnergyCharts AllConvertors: Output Energy Input Energy Output Energy Heat Energy Tony Ford Science Monday, 1 December 2014 page 4 Examples: 1. LightBulb Electrical Energy Light Energy Heat Energy 2. Human Chemical Energy (Food) Muscle Energy Heat Energy 3. Car Mechanical Energy (motor) Chemical Energy (Petrol) 4. Explosion Sound Energy Heat Energy Kinetic Energy (shrapnel) Chemical Energy (Bomb) Sound Energy Light Energy 5. Microphone Sound Energy (Voice) Heat Energy Electrical Energy Heat Energy Tony Ford Science Monday, 1 December 2014 page 5 Exercises Drawenergychartsforthefollowingconvertors: 1. ABurningMatch 2. ANailGun 3. Photosynthesisinaleaf 4. ACrossBow 5. Mobilephonecall a. Speaking b. Listening 6. Nameadeviceforthefollowingenergyconversions: a. Electricity➔Heat b. Kinetic➔ sound c. Chemical➔ electrical➔ kinetic d. Gravitational➔kinetic➔electricity EnergyEfEiciency Energyconvertorsarenot100%ef1icient,thatistheydon’tconvertalltheinput energytousefuloutputenergy.Asshownintheaboveexamples,manyotherforms ofoutputenergyespeciallyheatisproducedandsomeoftheinputenergyiswasted. Ef1iciencyismeasured EfTiciency=Usefuloutputenergyx100% Inputenergy Example:LightBulb ElectricalInput600W LightOutput60W+HeatOutput540W EfTiciency=60/600x100%=10%efTicient Question 1. ACaruses1000Jofpetrolenergyandproduces350Jofmechanical(motion) energy,50Jofsoundenergyand600Jofheat.Howef1icientisthecarformotion? 2. WhyarenewlightscalledLEDlightsalmost100%ef1icient?Howdoesthatsave electricity? 3. Todayenergysavingapplianceshaveanenergyrating. Tony Ford Science Monday, 1 December 2014 page 6 a) WhichTVismostef1icient? b) WhichTVproducesthemostpowerperyear?