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Biology 30 Reading Notes Section 13.2 Pages 444-450 Name:______________________ Hormonal Regulation of Growth, Development, and Metabolism The _______________ gland is an endocrine gland about one cm in diameter – about the size of a _______. This gland releases at least ________ hormones involved in the body’s _______________, growth, _______________, _______________, and other critical life functions. It has been called the “_______________ _________” because it releases several tropic hormones. It is controlled by the _______________. Together the hypothalamus and pituitary gland control many _______________ processes that maintain _______________. The _______________ pituitary is considered part of the _______________ system. It does not produce any _______________; instead, it stores and releases the hormones, ______ and ____________, which are produced in the _______________ and transferred by neuronal __________. The _______________ pituitary is a true ______________________________ gland. Its cells produce and release six major hormones: o ______________________________ o ______________________________ o ______________________________ o ______________________________ o ______________________________ o ______________________________ A series of blood vessels called a _______________system carries _______________ hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary, and these hormones either _______________ or _______________ the release of hormones from this gland. Human Growth Hormone The anterior pituitary regulates _______________, _______________, and _______________ through the production and secretion of ______________________________ (hGH). This hormone ultimately affects almost every body tissue. It can affect some tissues by _______________ stimulation, but the majority of the effects are _______________. hGH stimulates the _______________ to secrete hormones called growth factors. Together they influence many physiological processes. For example, they increase: o ______________________________ o ______________________________ o _____________________________________________ hGH stimulates the growth of _______________, _______________ tissue, and the growth plates at the end of the long _______________. If the pituitary gland secretes excessive amount of ______ during childhood, it can result in a condition called _______________. Insufficient hGH production during childhood results in _____________ _______________. When someone reaches adulthood and skeletal growth is completed, _______________of hGH can lead to a condition called _______________. The excess hGH can no longer cause an increase in height, and so the bones and soft tissues of the body _______________. Genetic engineering has been used to produce _______________ hGH: The gene that codes for __________ is inserted into bacteria. The altered and rapidly producing bacteria are _______________ _______________ that make hGH. Can you draw the feedback loop for hGh regulation? The Thyroid Gland: A Metabolic Thermostat The thyroid gland lies directly below the _______________. It has two lobes, one on either side of the _______________, which are joined by a narrow band of tissue. Millions of cells within the thyroid secrete _______________ thyroid hormones into the chambers between the cells. _______________ (____) will become functional and be released into the ___________________ where it increases the rate at which the body _______________ fats, proteins, and carbohydrates for ______________. It especially stimulates the cells of the _______________, ____________ _______________, _______________ and _______________ to increase the rate of cellular _______________. _______________ also plays an important role in the growth and development of children by influencing the _______________ of various cells into tissues and organs. When the thyroid produces extremely ________ quantities of thyroxine, the person is said to have severe _______________. Overproduction of thyroxine is called _______________. Thyroxine secretion is controlled by negative feedback. The anterior pituitary releases a hormone called ______________________________ (______), which causes the thyroid gland to secrete _______________. As thyroxine levels rise in the blood, _______________ itself feeds back to the _______________ and anterior pituitary, which suppresses the secretion of ______ and, therefore, thyroxine. When the body is healthy, the amount of thyroxine in the _______________ remains relatively _______________. The short form for thyroxine, _____, refers to the four _______________ molecules in the hormone. If there is insufficient _______________ in the diet, thyroxine cannot be ____________, and there will be no signal to stop the secretion of ______ by the anterior pituitary. The relentless stimulation of the _______________ gland by TSH causes a _______________ (An enlargement of the _______________ gland. In some cases the growth could be as large as a cantaloupe) Can you draw the negative feedback loop for the regulation of the thyroid gland? The Thyroid Gland and Calcitonin _______________ plays a crucial role in blood clotting, _______________ conduction, and _______________ contraction. Calcium levels in the blood are regulated, in part, by a hormone called _______________. When the concentration of calcium in the blood rises too high, calcitonin _______________ the uptake of calcium into the _______________ which lowers its _______________ in the blood. (This is also a negative feedback loop) The Parathyroid Glands and Calcium Homeostasis The _______________ glands are four small glands attached to the thyroid. They produce a hormone called _______________ _______________ (______). The body synthesizes and releases PTH in response to ______________ concentrations of _______________ in the blood. PTH stimulates bone cells to ___________ down bone material and _______________ calcium into the blood. PTH also stimulates the _______________ to reabsorb calcium from the urine, activating ____________ ___ in the process. Vitamin D, in turn, stimulates the _______________ of calcium from food in the _______________. These effects bring the concentration of calcium in the blood back within a normal range so that the _______________ glands no longer secrete ______. Can you draw the negative feedback loop for the regulation of calcium concentration in the blood?