Download Endocrine System #1 - Pituitary Hormones

Biology 30 Reading Notes
Section 13.2
Pages 444-450
Name:______________________
Hormonal Regulation of Growth, Development, and Metabolism

The _______________ gland is an endocrine gland about one cm in
diameter – about the size of a _______.

This gland releases at least ________ hormones involved in the body’s
_______________, growth, _______________, _______________, and
other critical life functions.

It has been called the “_______________ _________” because it releases
several tropic hormones. It is controlled by the _______________.
Together the hypothalamus and pituitary gland control many
_______________ processes that maintain _______________.

The _______________ pituitary is considered part of the
_______________ system. It does not produce any _______________;
instead, it stores and releases the hormones, ______ and ____________,
which are produced in the _______________ and transferred by neuronal
__________.

The _______________ pituitary is a true ______________________________ gland. Its cells produce and release six major
hormones:
o ______________________________
o ______________________________
o ______________________________
o ______________________________
o ______________________________
o ______________________________

A series of blood vessels called a _______________system carries
_______________ hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior
pituitary, and these hormones either _______________ or
_______________ the release of hormones from this gland.
Human Growth Hormone

The anterior pituitary regulates _______________, _______________,
and _______________ through the production and secretion of
______________________________ (hGH). This hormone ultimately
affects almost every body tissue. It can affect some tissues by
_______________ stimulation, but the majority of the effects are
_______________.

hGH stimulates the _______________ to secrete hormones called growth
factors. Together they influence many physiological processes. For
example, they increase:
o ______________________________
o ______________________________
o _____________________________________________

hGH stimulates the growth of _______________, _______________
tissue, and the growth plates at the end of the long _______________. If
the pituitary gland secretes excessive amount of ______ during childhood,
it can result in a condition called _______________. Insufficient hGH
production during childhood results in _____________ _______________.

When someone reaches adulthood and skeletal growth is completed,
_______________of hGH can lead to a condition called
_______________. The excess hGH can no longer cause an increase in
height, and so the bones and soft tissues of the body _______________.

Genetic engineering has been used to produce _______________ hGH:
The gene that codes for __________ is inserted into bacteria. The altered
and rapidly producing bacteria are _______________ _______________
that make hGH.
Can you draw the feedback loop for hGh regulation?
The Thyroid Gland: A Metabolic Thermostat

The thyroid gland lies directly below the _______________. It has two
lobes, one on either side of the _______________, which are joined by a
narrow band of tissue. Millions of cells within the thyroid secrete
_______________ thyroid hormones into the chambers between the cells.

_______________ (____) will become functional and be released into the
___________________ where it increases the rate at which the body
_______________ fats, proteins, and carbohydrates for ______________.
It especially stimulates the cells of the _______________, ____________
_______________, _______________ and _______________ to increase
the rate of cellular _______________.

_______________ also plays an important role in the growth and
development of children by influencing the _______________ of various
cells into tissues and organs.

When the thyroid produces extremely ________ quantities of thyroxine,
the person is said to have severe _______________. Overproduction of
thyroxine is called _______________.

Thyroxine secretion is controlled by negative feedback. The anterior
pituitary releases a hormone called ______________________________
(______), which causes the thyroid gland to secrete _______________.
As thyroxine levels rise in the blood, _______________ itself feeds back
to the _______________ and anterior pituitary, which suppresses the
secretion of ______ and, therefore, thyroxine. When the body is healthy,
the amount of thyroxine in the _______________ remains relatively
_______________.

The short form for thyroxine, _____, refers to the four _______________
molecules in the hormone.

If there is insufficient _______________ in the diet, thyroxine cannot be
____________, and there will be no signal to stop the secretion of ______
by the anterior pituitary.
The relentless stimulation of the _______________ gland by TSH causes a
_______________ (An enlargement of the _______________ gland. In
some cases the growth could be as large as a cantaloupe)
Can you draw the negative feedback loop for the regulation of the thyroid
gland?
The Thyroid Gland and Calcitonin

_______________ plays a crucial role in blood clotting,
_______________ conduction, and _______________ contraction.
Calcium levels in the blood are regulated, in part, by a hormone called
_______________. When the concentration of calcium in the blood rises
too high, calcitonin _______________ the uptake of calcium into the
_______________ which lowers its _______________ in the blood. (This
is also a negative feedback loop)
The Parathyroid Glands and Calcium Homeostasis

The _______________ glands are four small glands attached to the
thyroid. They produce a hormone called _______________
_______________ (______).

The body synthesizes and releases PTH in response to ______________
concentrations of _______________ in the blood. PTH stimulates bone
cells to ___________ down bone material and _______________ calcium
into the blood. PTH also stimulates the _______________ to reabsorb
calcium from the urine, activating ____________ ___ in the process.
Vitamin D, in turn, stimulates the _______________ of calcium from food
in the _______________. These effects bring the concentration of
calcium in the blood back within a normal range so that the
_______________ glands no longer secrete ______.

Can you draw the negative feedback loop for the regulation of
calcium concentration in the blood?