Download Science 9-Year End Review The following information includes all

Science 9-Year End Review
The following information includes all four study guides from the first
four Units, as well as the study guide for Unit Five. If you have kept
all your study guides, then the majority of your work is already
complete. You must complete the last unit review to help you study
for both the Unit Five Exam and your Provincial Achievement Test
(PAT).
Your Provincial Achievement Test is on:
Monday, June 23rd, 2014
If you have any questions, please come and see me.
Good luck!
Unit 1: Biological Diversity
Topic 1: Biological Diversity & Survival
 Variations (within a species & between species) :
Variation AMONG species: The differences BETWEEN different species. Ex. The
differences between a dog and a parrot.
Variation WITHIN species: The differences within the same species. Ex. The difference
between a monarch butterfly and another monarch butterfly.
 Species (know the definition) : a group of organisms that share similar genetic and
physical characteristics; generally these organisms can interbreed and produce fertile
offspring.
 Structural Adaptations vs. Behavioural Adaptations: Structural adaptation is an inherited
physical characteristic that helps an organism survive in it’s environment. For example,
the light feathers of birds or how their beaks are shaped.
Behavioural Adaptations are an inherited characteristic behaviour that helps an organism
survive in its environment. An example of this is how bats are nocturnal or bears
hibernate in the winter.
 Biological Diversity (know the definition): the number and variety of organisms in an
area. The closer you are to the equator the more biological diversity.
 Diversity Index (what does it mean?): This is a measurement that compares the diversity
of species in an area with the total number of organisms in the same area. The higher the
number, the more diverse.
Topic 2: Habitat & Lifestyle
 Competition (what is it? why does it occur?): Competition is the struggle among
individual organisms for access to a limited resource, such as a food or territory. Some
species avoid competition by using a different food source or keeping different habits or
behaviours. When organisms change to avoid or reduce competition, they alter their
niches.
 Niche (know the definition): Niche is the role an organism plays in an area. It includes
where it lives (it’s habitat) and what it does. A species with a broad niche as many of that
species and can live in a wide range of areas. An example is the wolf. They need large
land to live but can live in a variety of temperatures and eat a variety of food. Species
like this are known as GENERALISTS.
Species with a narrow niche have a very specific niche that makes them very efficient at
surviving in their own environments. The have one very dependable food source, one type
of soil, one type of level of light. These are known as SPECIALISTS. Ex. Many species
in the tropical rainforest.
Mutualism (know the definition & be able to identify examples)
Symbiotic relationships are relationships which two organisms live in direct contacts. There are 3
types:
Mutualism: both species benefit
Parasitism: One species benefits the other is harmed
Commensalism: One benefits, the other is neither harmed nor benefitting.
Topic 3: Passing It On
Asexual Reproduction (what kinds are there?)
Asexual reproduction is when only ONE parent supplies the genetics. The offspring are
identical to the parent. An advantage is that there is no need to find a mate. As well it
doesn’t take a lot of time to get a lot of offspring. The disadvantage is, if the environment
changes and that is not in favour of the organism all clones will die.
1. Binary Fission: Many one celled organisms.
2. Spores: “Zoospores” can grow to be clones of the parent.
*Fungi can produce this way and sexually.
3. Asexual Reproduction in plants:
Through the specialized cells known as “meristem: cells.
These cells can make up any of the structures of a plant that are damaged. As well, many
plants can send “runners” and “tubers”.
4. Budding: A cell produces a new group of cells called a bud, which develops into an
exact copy of the parent. Once the bud has completely developed it detaches itself and
becomes independent.

Sexual Reproduction
This occurs when two parents supply the genetic material to the offspring. The offspring
is NOT a clone. This is advantage, the new combination of characteristics creates
DIVERSITY. The disadvantage is that it takes a lot of time and you need two of the
species. You also don’t have as many offspring.
1. Zygospores: These spores contain genetic material from two different sources.
2.Bacterial conjugation: This is a primitive form of sexual reproduction that doesn’t result
in more offspring BUT bacteria are able to transfer genetic material directly from one cell
to another. This is genetic RECOMBINATION
3. Sexual reproduction in plants: Angiosperms and gymnosperms reproduce sexually by
forming seeds. In this process fertilization occurs when an egg and sperm cell join to form
a new cell. The first cell of the growing organism is called a ZYGOTE.
4. Sexual reproduction in animals: Both male and female gametes must arrive at the same
time. They are delicate and dry out quickly so a moist and warm environment is ideal.
Diagram of the flower (reproductive structures):
 Cloning: create EXACT copies of a parent.
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/clickandclone/
Topic 4: Wearing Your Genes
 Continuous vs. Discrete Variation: Continuous variation is when there are a RANGE of
possibilities for each trait (hair color, skin color, height)
Discrete variation is when there are limited amount of possibilities for each trait (blood
type, sex etc.)
 Nature vs. Nurture Debate (study of identical twins): This is the ongoing debate about
whether you are who you are due to genetics (nature) or your environment (nurture).
 Dominant vs. Recessive Traits: Dominant trait: an inherited trait that shows up in the
offspring. Recessive an inherited trait that shows up in the offspring only if both parents
passed on the genes for the trait; when mixed with genes for a dominant trait, a recessive
trait does not show up in the offspring.
 Mutations: Mutations are changes in the DNA, the genetic material. These are caused by
mutagens. Most often mutations do not have any effect on the organism (usually that cell
dies), but there are times when the mutation can be harmful (cancer) or helpful (Sickle
cells). The only time mutations become passed on is when the mutation occurs in the
gametes (the reproductive cells).
Topic 5: When Plans Change
 Mitosis (Occurs where? Results in how many cells? What happens to the # of
chromosomes?): Somatic cells (body cells) divides in a process called Mitosis where the
daughter cells (diploid) are identical (clones) of the parent cell.

Meiosis (Occurs where? Results in how many cells? What happens to the # of
chromosomes?) Gametes are created by a process called Meiosis. This begins the same
way as the division of somatic cells. Prior to cell division, each chromosome is copied.
Cell division occurs 2 times. The final result is that the gametes have HALF the original
number of chromosomes (haploid).




Gene (definition): A section in the DNA that codes for a specific protein.
Chromosomes (What is the definition? How many in body cells? How many in sex
cells?) Composed of strands of DNA are contained in a cell’s nucleus. Human somatic
cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes (46). People who have Down Syndrome (Trisomy
23) have one extra chromosome. In gametes there are only 23 chromosomes.
Structure of DNA: DNA is made up of a nucleotide which is a sugar, phosphate and a
nitrogen base. There are 4 types of nitrogen bases: Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine and
Thymine. Because DNA is a double helix, nucleotides join in pairs where Adenine goes
with Thymine, and Cytosine pairs with Guanine.
Technology in Genetics : Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering, Hybrids
Biotechnology is the scientific technologies associated with biology. One example is
genetic engineering in which scientists move genes from one organism to another. One
example is how bacteria are inserted with the gene to create human insulin. The waste
product of the bacteria contains the insulin, which is then given to humans who are
diabetic. Genetically modified, or transgenic, animals are produced when human genes
are added to the fertilized egg of an animal.
Topic 6: The Best Selection
 Artificial Selection: a Technique in which individual plants or animals with desirable
traits are bred together to develop plants or animals with specific traits; also called
selective breeding.
 Selective Breeding See above
 Process & Outcome of Natural Selection
The “strongest” will survive. Meaning, the organism with the specific traits that are ideal
for survival will live to pass on it’s genetic material. The traits that allowed it to survive
will be passed on to the offspring and the cycle continues until we get a new species. If
an organism doesn’t have ideal traits it won’t live or won’t be able to reproduce to pass on
it’s undesirable traits.
 Theory of Natural Selection:
1. All organisms produce more offspring than can possibly survive.
2. There is incredible variation within each species.
3. Some of these variations increase the chances of an organism surviving or reproducing.
4. Over time, variations that are passed on lead to changes in the genetic characteristics of
a species.
 Darwin's Finches & Light/Dark Moths (How are these examples?): Through
SPECIATION, it is believed that the Darwin finches came from one ancestral species and
through time and competition the finches moved into various species due to beak shape
(amongst other factors). Read pg. 65 “Did you know” about the peppered moth.
 Galapagos Islands and Darwin: It is here where Darwin developed a theory of natural
selection to explain how a process closely related to natural selection occurred in nature.
Topic 7: The Sixth Extinction?
 Bioindicator Species (definition): A species that helps indicate environmental change. It
may be that they are no longer found in an area (Grizzly bear in Saskatchewan) or that
there is an over abundance.
 The 6th extinction (what is it?) This is the fact that organisms are going extinct faster than
they can adapt to the changing environment.
 Human impact on Ecosystems: Humans farm more = more food and loss of land, live
longer, increased the logging and mining areas. Because of this we have impacted the
environment a lot.
Topic 8: Pains & Gains
 Function of zoos in preserving genetic variation (see page 73): Zoos help educate, protect
endangered animals and help increase genetic diversity by working in a network with
other zoos to share genetic material. They also initiate and support research on
biodiversity around the world.
 Seed Banks: these are established to gather and store seeds from plants that are threatened
with extinction.
 Breeding Programs: These are created to breed a certain species from one area with the
same species from another area to create offspring with more diversity.
 Global Treaties: These are drawn up to protect endangered plants and animals and are
participated with nations around the worked. Ex. CITES (Convention on International
Trade of Endangered Species) , CWL (Canadian Wildlife Federation), CNF (Canadian
Nature Federation).
Unit 2: Matter and Chemical Change
Topic 1: Exploring Matter
 Define SOLID: the state of matter in which a substance has a definite shape and a
definite volume
 Define LIQUID the state of matter in which a substance has definite volume, but no
definite shape.
 Define GAS: the state of matter in which a substance has neither a definite shape nor
a definite volume.
 Define PURE SUBSTANCES: A material that contains only one kind of particle.
 Types of PURE SUBSTANCES and definitions
Compound: Pure substances that are made up of two or more elements chemically
combined together; can be broken down into elements again by chemical means
Element: a pure substance made up of one type of particle, cannot be broken down into
simpler substances by means of chemical change.
 Define MIXTURE: a combination of two or more pure substances such that each
one’s properties are not lost, but may be hidden.
 Types of MIXTURES and definitions (two could be known as two different things;
remember the flow chart you created)
Mechanical Mixtures (Heterogeneous)
-Ordinary Mechanical mixture: different parts are big enough to see and
they stay mixed. (Salad)
-Suspensions: made of large particles that are uniformly mixed but will
settle if left undisturbed (flour mixed in water)
-Colloids-emulsions: Colloids are composed of fine particles evenly
distributed throughout a second substance (Hair gel). Emulsions are types
of colloids in which liquids are dispersed in liquids (Mayo)
Solutions (Homogeneous)
 Sketch the 8 WHMIS symbols and name them
Topic 2: Changes in Matter
 Define PROPERTIES Characteristics that describe matter
 Define CHEMICAL CHANGE: A change in which one or more new substances are
formed
 Define PHYSICAL CHANGE: change in form but not in chemical composition; no
new substances are formed.
 Identify 9 physical properties of matter and write a summary for each
Colour
Crystal Shape
Boiling Temperature
Density
Malleability (being able to
Viscosity
Texture
be bent/formed)
Solubility
Taste
Ductility (to be shaped thin
Electrical Conductivity
Smell
like a wire)
Heat Conductivity
State
Melting Temperature
 Identify 5 chemical properties of matter and write a summary for each
Reacts with water
Reacts with acids
Toxicity
Reacts with air
Reacts with other pure
Stability
Reacts with pure oxygen
substances
Combustibility
Topic 3: What Are Elements
 Define ALCHEMIST: Someone who was part mystic part scientist who studied
changing metals into gold.
 Define ELECTROLYSIS the process of decomposing a chemical compound by
passing an electric current through it.
 Write the FOUR parts that make up DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY
1. All matter is made up of small particles called atoms
2. Atoms cannot be created, destroyed, or divided into smaller particles
3. All atoms of the same element are identical in mass and size. Atoms of one elemnt are
different in mass and size from the atoms of other
 Who was BOHR? Draw a BOHR diagram for any of the first 18 elements.
He said that electrons orbit the atomic nucleus.

Define ELEMENT: a pure substance made up of one type of particle, cannot be broken
down into simpler substances by means of chemical change.
Define COMPOUND Pure substances that are made up of two or more elements
chemically combined together; can be broken down into elements again by chemical
means
 Define ATOM: The smallest form of matter
 Define the 3 SUBATOMIC particles (name where are they found, what charge do they
have, and what symbol do they have)
Protons  Nucleus  “+” positive
Neutrons  Nucleus  no charge
Electrons  Orbit  “-“ negative
 What is the LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS? Is it true for both open and closed
systems? Total mass of the original reactants = total mass of the products.
 What is the LAW OF DEFINITE COMPOSITION?
Compounds are pure substances that contain two or more elements combined together in
fixed (or definite) proportions.
Topic 4: Classifying Elements
 What did the early chemists use to represent elements? Ancient Symbols
 What do we use today to represent elements? First letter or first two letters of English/
Latin name
 Mendeleev organized the elements into the first periodic table according to what? Atomic
mass
 Today, we organize the periodic table according to what? Atomic # and Atomic mass
 What are the three major categories that the modern periodic table can be organized into?
Metals, Non-Metals and Metalloids
 List FOUR properties of METALS.
Conducts electricity
Shiny
Solid (except Mercury)
Malleable and Ductile
 List FOUR properties of NON – METALS.
Doesn’t conducts electricity
Not Shiny----Dull
Solid, Liquid and gas
Not Malleable and Ductile----very brittle


What are METALLOIDS? They are few in number are the “in between” elements that
have properties of both metals and non-metals.
List the FOUR major CHEMICAL FAMILIES you learned about and state whether they
are reactive. Include the group number of each family.
Topic 5: The Periodic Table
 What is the ATOMIC NUMBER of an element? What is it equal to? How many protons
there are. As a result, there is the same amount of electrons.
 What is the MASS NUMBER of an element? The mass of the nucleus of the atom which
consists of neutrons and protons.
 What is the ATOMIC/ELEMENT SYMBOL of an element? First or first two letters of
the name of the element.




What is the ATOMIC MASS of an element? See mass number
What is the average mass of an element measured in? (it is three letters) AMU (Atomic
Mass Unit)
What is a HORIZONTAL ROW in a periodic table called? How many of these are there
in the periodic table? Period. There are 7.
What is the VERTICAL COLUMN in a periodic table called (it can have two names)?
How many of these are there in the periodic table? Groups/Families. There are 18.
Topic 6: Chemical Compounds
 What is a SUBSCRIPT? What does it indicate? Provide an example. How many atoms
of an element there are. Ex. H2
 What is a SUPERSCRIPT? What does it indicate? Provide an example. The charge of
the ion Ex. Fe2+
 What is a MOLECULE? Provide an example. Smallest independent unit of a pure
substance.
 What are the four rules to naming MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS?
1. Keep the first element name.
2. Add “ide” to the second element ending
3. Add the prefix (mono, di, tri, tetra) to the elements where applicable.
4. When first element has 1 atom NO “mono” is added.
Molecular compounds with hydrogen are labelled with their common name.
Ex. NaCl3 Sodium tricholide.










A MOLECULAR COMPOUND contains a Non-metal and a Non-metal.
An IONIC COMPOUND contains a Metal and a Non-metal
Name the first 5 PREFIXES that we use to name molecular compounds.
1= Mono
2=Di
3=Tri
4=Tetra
5=Penta
We usually refer to compounds containing HYDROGEN by their common name. An
example is water, which has the formula H2O.
All compounds containing hydrogen are molecular compounds.
How do we indicate the physical state of a compound? (something is written in
parentheses; name these things) gas = (g) solid=(s) liquid=(l)
How does an atom become an ion? It gains or loses an electron (or more than one
electron)
What is used to indicate that an ion has more than one charge (that it is polyatomic)? In
word for it uses roman numerals.
Ex. Iron(III) chloride or Iron(II) chloride.
What are the two rules to naming IONIC COMPOUNDS?
1. Keep the first element name
2. Add “ide” to ending of second element
Topic 7: Chemical Reactions

Define CHEMICAL REACTION: a process in which a substance is changed into one or
more new substances.
 Chemical reactions are the root of all new substances
 List SIX pieces of evidence that a chemical reaction MAY have occurred.
1. Heat is produced or absorbed
2. Starting matter is used up
3. Change in colour
4. Material with new properties forms
5. Gas bubbles or precipitates forms
6. Difficult to reverse
 Name one piece of evidence that guarantees that a chemical reaction has occurred.
A new substance is formed
 What is an ENDOTHERMIC reaction? Are bonds formed or broken? Provide an
example. Heat is taken in (absorbed). Bonds are formed.
 What is an EXOTHERMIC reaction? Are bonds formed or broken? Provide an example.
Heat is released (given off). Bonds are broken.
 Name THREE chemical reactions/changes that involve OXYGEN.
Corrosion
Combustion Cellular respiration (breathing)
 Define REACTANTS: the substances that go into a chemical reaction
 Define PRODUCTS: the substances produced by a chemical reaction
 In a chemical equation, reactants are found on the left () side of the arrow, and products
are found on the right () side of the arrow.
 Name the reactants and products in this equation:
C(s) + O2(g)
CO2(g)
Reactants are Carbon (C) and Oxygen (O)
Products are Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Also write the above chemical formula as a word equation.
Carbon + Oxygen  Carbon dioxide
Topic 8: Reaction Rate
 Name the FOUR factors that can affect the rate of a chemical reaction:
1. Temperature
2. Concentration
3. Surface area
4. Inhibitor
 Define REACTION RATE: a measure of how fast a chemical reaction occurs.
 Define CATALYST: a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being used
up in a reaction.
 Define INHIBITOR: Substances that slow down or prevent chemical reactions
 Increasing the temperature, the concentration, and the surface area will speed up a
reaction. Decreasing these will slow it down.
 Rusting is one type of corrosion.
 Define CORROSION and provide an example (including an equation): a process
whereby metals or some are chemically degraded or broken down. Also known as
oxidation.
4Fe (s) + O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s)



Coating a corrosive metal (a metal that can corrode) with zinc is referred to as
galvinization.
Define COMBUSTION and provide an example (including an equation): Highly
exothermic combination of a substance with oxygen.
C3H8(g)
Corrosion and combustion are both chemical reactions.
You must know the following compounds, how to name them, and you must be able to identify
whether they are molecular or ionic (which will help you name the compounds):










NaCl(s) – table salt or sodium chloride (ionic)
H2O(l) – water or dihydrogen monoxide (molecular)
CO2(g) – carbon dioxide (molecular)
MgO(s) – magnesium oxide (ionic)
NH3(g) – ammonia or nitrogen trihydride (molecular)
CH4(g) – methane or carbon tetrahydride (molecular)
FeCl2(s) – iron (II) chloride (ionic)
FeCl3(s) – iron (III) chloride (ionic)
NaOH(aq) – sodium hydroxide (ionic)
H2O2(l) – hydrogen peroxide (molecular)
Unit 3: Environmental Chemistry
Topic 1: A Hair Raising Dilemma
 Define NUTRIENTS:
Chemicals that your body needs. Used for energy
 Define ORGANIC:
Contains Carbon
 Define INORGANIC:
Doesn’t contain carbon
 What are MACRONUTRIENTS?
Nutrients that you need a lot of
 What are MICRONUTRIENTS? What is another name for these?
Don’t need a lot.
Another name is: Trace Nutrients

What are the FOUR types of ORGANIC MOLECULES? Provide examples for each.
1. Carbohydrates (Sugar, grains)
2. Protein (Meat, Eggs, Beans)
3. Lipids (Fats and Oils, Butter, Cheese, Grease)
4. Vitamins (Sun, Pills, Fruits and Vegetables)
 What is a FERTILIZER used for?
Provides nutrients to help plants grow

What are the THREE major elements in fertilizer (in order that they appear on the bag)?
What does each element promote the growth of?
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium
Nitrogen helps with leaves, roots and the flowers

There are two ways that a plant can uptake nutrients. One requires energy and the other
doesn’t. Name these two methods.
Passive and Active transport
Passive=no energy
Active=energy

__Diffusion____ is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to and
area of low concentration. This process requires no energy.
 A special type of diffusion is known as Osmosis, and it involves water.
Topic 2: A Growing Concern

There are three categories of pesticides. Name all three, and indicate which pest each one
controls.
1. Insecticides-Insects/Bugs
2. Herbicides-Weeds
3. Fungicides-Fungus and molds
 What is the name of DDT? What kind of pesticide is it? What is it suppose to control?
Dichlorodiphenyltricholoethane-This is an insecticide
 Define BIOACCUMULATION/BIOMAGNIFICATION.
As a toxin moves up the food chain it increases in amount with each step
Topic 3: How Do You Spell Relief


Define ACID: pH <7, RED
Define BASE: pH> 7, BLUE
 What is an acid/base indicator? This is a qualitative measurement.
Litmus paper-Qualitative
 What does a pH scale do? This is a quantitative measurement.
Tells me the actual pH number






pH stands for power of Hydrogen.
On a pH scale, an acid ranges from 0 to below 7, a base ranges from above 7 to _14_, and a
neutral substance has a pH of 7.
Acidic lakes are sometimes treated with Limestone, also known as calcium hydroxide. This
neutralizes the lake. (liming)
An acid - base neutralization reaction always produces a Water and Salt.
Carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen oxides from factories combine with water in the atmosphere to
produce Acid Precipitation.
What are the four types of acids we learned about? (page 204, the four formulas)
i. Sulfurous Acid
ii. Sulfuric Acid
iii. Nitrous Acid
iv. Nitric Acid
 Why is acid snow considered more dangerous than acid rain?
Stays around longer (accumulates) and because of this there is an influx of acid introduced
into the environment
 What is a catalytic converter? What is the purpose of a converter? (page 209)
Aids the formation of CO2 and H2O from hydrocarbons, reducing the amount of CO and
Nitrogen oxides in the environment


What is a scrubber? What is a sorbent? How is a COBRA scrubber different? (page 210)
Scrubbers absorb or capture Oxides
COBRA can be recycled
Topic 4: How Much is Too Much?
 Define POLLUTION:
Over time different sources of pollutants accumulating and alternating the environment.
 Define POLLUTANT:
Substance that can altar the environment, contaminate an area, cause harm to living things

Define LD50: Lethal Dose 50-A dose of a chemical that will kill 50% of the population in
which it is applied to.
 Define ACUTE TOXICITY:
Serious symptoms occur after ONE exposure

Define CHRONIC TOXICITY:
Serious symptoms occur after a chemical accumulates to a specific level (over time)

Calculate the concentration in ppm of the following:
o 1.2 mL of chemical in a 500 mL solution
o 0.0045 mL of chemical in a 200 mL solution
o 0.024 mL of chemical in a 7000 mL solution
o 5 parts vinegar in 995 parts water
Topic 5: Getting Away from it All
 Define PERSISTENT:
Continues
Accumulates in the environment and breaks down slowly



After completing some tests, how do you know if your water sample contains phosphate? A
precipitate will form
After completing some tests, how do you know if your water sample contains nitrates? It will
turn pink. The pinker the solution the more the nitrates
The level of dissolved oxygen in water depends on four things:
1. Turbulence: The mixing of water and air
2. pH
3. Temperature (Colder=more O2)
4. The amount of PHOTOSYNTHESIS that occurs
 At what ppm concentration can most organisms survive at?
5 (8 is great, 5 can survive, 4 is poor and 2 is terrible)
 What are MACROINVERTEBRATES? How are they used to monitor water?
Visible to unaided eye and do not have a backbone (Shrimp, larvae, mollusks)
-Use them as a Biological Indicator (tells us if the water is good or bad)
 Define POINT SOURCE:
Pollutants that enter the environment from a specific location
 Define NON – POINT:
Separated both in time and location from the source

Explain how phosphates and nitrates create low – oxygen conditions within a body of water?
What do they promote the growth of?
Algae-Algal Blooms-In the end creates low O2 levels in the water.
Topic 6: N. I. M. B. Y. There is No Away in Throwing
 How does pollution travel from one place to another? (How is it carried there?)
Air currents, water currents

What do CFC’s destroy in our environment? How do they do this? What is the result?
Why are they so dangerous? (Three reasons)
Destroy Ozone(O3). Because it’s stable, it hard to remove. It breaks O3 into O2 which
causes holes in the ozone and as result allows UV rays to pass through.

Summarize a tertiary waste water treatment plant. What do you begin with? What
happens in the middle? What do you end with?
Primary---->secondary---> Tertiary
 What factors affect biodegradation?
-Temperature
-Climate
-time
 What is a BIOREACTOR?
-Container that houses bacteria in appropriate conditions where ground water is pumped in
and bacteria clean the water
 What is PHYTOREMEDIATION?
-Uses plants to fix a problem
 Define BIODEGRADATION:
A substance ability to be broken down.
 Define HAZARDOUS WASTE:
Substances that contain Toxins that are: POSIONOUS, TOXIC, CORROSIVE,
FLAMMABLE, OR EXPLOSIVE
-IT IS DISCARDED
 Define BIOREMEDIATION:
Use living organisms to fix a problem
 Define SANITARY LANDFILL:
- A landfill that is covered each day to avoid windblown litter and scavengers
Leachate: the liquid that is a result of waste decomposition
 Define SECURE LANDFILL:
-Deals with Hazardous and toxic wastes.
-Uses a clay liner
Unit 4: Electrical Principles and Technology
Topic 1: Electric Charge

How does an object get a charge (must gain or lose something)? What does it mean when
an object is positively charged? What about negatively charged?
An object gets a charge when it is rubbed. This rubbing causes the objects to gain or lose
electrons. When an object gains electrons it becomes negatively charged. When it loses
electrons it becomes positively charged.

What is an object called when it has an even number of positive and negative charges?
It’s called balanced or NEUTRAL

What are the THREE LAWS OF CHARGES (page 268):
1. Unlike charges attract
2. Like charges repel
3. Charged objects attract uncharged objects.
 Define STATIC ELECTRICITY:
The unbalance of electrons created by rubbing or friction in which electrons do not move
 Define INSULATOR and provide an example:
Doesn’t allow electrons to move

Define CONDUCTOR and provide an example:
Allows electrons to move
 Define SEMICONDUCTOR and provide an example:
Materials with higher conductivity than insulators but lower conductivity than conductors
 Define SUPERCONDUCTOR and provide an example:
Materials that offer little resistance to flow of charges. Ex. Metal allows and ceramics p.269
 Define GROUNDING:
Connecting an object to Earth with a conducting wire. This neutralizes the charges.
 Describe NEUTRALIZATION:
Becoming balanced.
Topic 2: Electricity Within a Circuit

Define CIRCUIT:
A continuous pathway for charges to move.

All circuit diagrams have four basic parts. Name them, and describe what they do.
1. Source: Battery, cell etc
2. Control: Switch that can allow the electrons to follow or not on a complete path
3. Load: Converts electrical energy into other forms of energy (a resistor symbol also
can represent this)
4. Conductor: Wire or substance that allows electrons to follow





Define BATTERY: a combination of cells
Define SWITCH: opens or closes a circuit to control the current
Define RESISTOR: hinders the motion of electric charge and converts electric energy
into other forms of energy.
Define LOAD: converts energy
Draw the circuit diagram symbols for the following: (See pg. 273)
single cell
battery
conductor
lamp
switch
resistor

Define CURRENT: The amount of charge that passes a point in a conducting wire every
second.

What is the SYMBOL for current? What is the standard unit of measurement for electric
current (two units)? AMPERE (AMP)
A

An instrument used to measure very weak electric current is called a(n) galvanometer
while larger currents are measure with a(n) ammeter or a(n) milliammeter.

Define VOLTAGE: (potential difference) The difference in energy per unit of charge
between one point in the circuit and another point in the circuit (this causes the PUSH or
FORCE to get electrons moving).


Voltage is also referred to as Potential Difference (two words).
What is the SYMBOL for voltage? What is the standard unit of measurement for
voltage? Volt
V
An instrument used to measure voltage is the voltmeter
When measuring voltage, you are measuring the difference between 2 different points.



Draw a circuit diagram that includes two cells, a closed switch, and a light bulb. Also
include a voltmeter that is measuring the potential difference of the light bulb.

Match the water related terms from the left column to the terms on the right that best
classifies each electric term.

a. load
1. pump
b. switch
2. pressure
c. electric current
3. pipe
d. voltage
4. water wheel
e. battery
5. valve
f. conductor (wire)
6. flow rate
A device that can measure voltage and current is called a Multimeter.
Topic 3: Resisting the Movement of Charge
 Define RESISTANCE:
A property of a substance that hinders the motion of electric charge and converts electric energy
into other forms of energy.

What is the SYMBOL for resistance? What is the standard unit of measurement for
resistance? Ohm (The symbol is the omega symbol)

Define OHM’S LAW:
There is a relationship between Resistance, Voltage and Current.
If the resistance stays the same in a circuit, as you increase voltage you increase current.
If you decrease voltage you decrease current.
The formula that shows Ohm’s law is:
V
R= V
I
R

What is the EQUATION used to represent Ohm’s
Law?
R= V
I

Calculate the following using the GRASP method:
I
What is the resistance of an electric heater, if a current of 12.5 A runs through it when it is
connected to 120 V wall outlet?
R=9.6 (ohms)*I don’t have the omega symbol 

Unlike regular resistors, Variable resistors do not have a fixed resistance. An example is a
dimmer switch.


There are four factors that affect the resistance of a wire. Name the four factors, and their
effect (page 291).
1. Length of wire
2. Cross Sectional Area
3. Temperature
4. Material
There are two types of circuits. A Series circuit has only one path for the current to flow
on. A Parallel circuit has several current paths. This means that if one load stops working
in a Series circuit, everything stops working, but in a Parallel circuit the other loads
continue to work. Your home is wired in PARALLEL, while the main circuit breaker is
wired in SERIES so that all electricity can be shut off in case of an emergency.
Topic 4: The Energy Connection


Define THERMOCOUPLE: A loop of two wires made of different types of metals that
converts heat into electric energy
A thermocouple converts HEAT energy into ELECTRICAL energy.

Define THERMO-ELECTRIC GENERATOR:
A device that is based on a thermocouple that coverts heat directly into electricity.

The Piezo-electric Effect (two words) converts electricity into motion (vibrations). When
a Rochelle salt or a crystal is connected to a potential difference the crystal expands or
contracts. This creates sound waves or vibrations. It is used in “talking greeting cards”.

A BBQ lighter uses the Piezo-electric Effect (two words) in reverse. While the crystal is
being compressed or pulled, a potential difference is created. A conductor then takes this
voltage through a circuit and creates electric energy, or in this case, a spark.

Another term for solar cell is Photovoltaic Cell (two words).
Topic 5: Portable Power

In any electrochemical cell, two metal Electrodes are surrounded by an Electrolyte. Wet
Cells (two words) contain a wet electrolytes, while dry cells (two words) contain a dry
electrolytes (paste).

A Primary Cell (two words) is a cell that cannot be recharged, while Secondary (two
words) is a cell that can be recharged.
Topic 6: Generators and Motors


A device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy is known as a generator.
What materials are needed to assemble an electromagnet (there are three things)?
Power source, coil of wire and a soft iron core.



AC stands for Alternating Current (two words).
DC stands for Direct Current (two words).
An AC generator has a coil of wire rotating inside a stationary field magnet. Massive AC
generators can be used to power entire cities.

A DC generator is also called a dynamo. It sends current in only one direction because of
how the armature is connected to a split ring commutator.

An electric motor is constructed in the same way was a generator, but instead it takes
Electric Energy (two words) and converts it to Mechanical Energy (two words).
Topic 7: Electricity in the Home
 Define TRANSFORMER (but remember that there are two types):
Can increase or decrease voltage for efficient transmission over long distances. “Step up”
transformers increase voltage, “step down” decreases voltage.
 Define CIRCUIT BREAKER:
A switch and safety device that can cut off all power coming into the home.

Electrical cables contain three wires. Name them, describe what they do, and what colour
each one is.
Black (hot), White (Neutral) , Copper/Green (ground)

Define POWER: Energy per unit of time. In electricity, it’s the amount of electric energy
(measured in joules) that is converted into other forms of energy every second.

abel the two triangles using power, energy, and time in one, and power, current, and
voltage in the other. Also include the units of each.
E
P
P
T
I
V



1000 W is equal to 1 kW.
Most power companies measure electric energy in kWh.
Define EFFICIENCY: A ratio comparing the amount of energy output with the energy
that went into a device.
 What is the equation for calculating efficiency?
output energy
Efficiency =
x 100
Input energy

Make sure you know how to complete some of the problems that we worked on in class!
Topic 8: Electricity Production and the Environment
 Define THERMO-ELECTRIC GENERATOR:
Convert heat energy into electric energy
 Define NON-RENEWABLE:
Resources that are limited. Cannot be replaced as fast as they are being used.
 Define RENEWABLE:
Resources that can be continually replenished.
 Define GEOTHERMAL ENERGY:
Energy that comes from the heat of the Earth
 Define BIOMASS:
Sold material from living things that can be burned in thermo-electric generators.
 Define THERMAL POLLUTION:
A change in the environment that is caused by heat. This happens when warm water is returned
directly to the lake or river from which it was taken to be used in the electric energy generating
process.
 Define THERMONUCLEAR:
When nuclear fission occurs it creates energy in the form of heat. This heat is then used to
increase the temperature of water, turning it into steam which is used in the generator.
 Define COGENERATION SYSTEMS:
These systems create electric energy and thermal energy that are both used for industrial
Unit 5: Space Exploration
Topic 1: Our Eyes Only
 Define FRAME OF REFERENCE: a set of axes of any kind that is used to describe
the positions or motions of things
 Define CONSTELLATIONS: groupings of stars that form patterns, which appear
like objects and are given names
 Define AZIMUTH: is the angle measured clockwise from north when measuring
altitude-azimuth co-ordinates

Define ALTITUDE: is the angle measured above the horizon in degrees when
measuring altitude-azimuth coordinates
 Define ZENITH: the point directly above (90 degrees)
 Define EARTH CENTERED MODEL/GEOCENTRIC. Who originally came up with
this idea? Who refined it? Based on the ideas of Greek philosopher Aristotle states that
the Earth is the center of the universe. It has an outer celestial sphere with many inner
spheres.
 Define SUN CENTERED MODEL/HELIOCENTRIC. Who originally came up with
this idea? Copernicus proposed a different model in which the Sun was fixed and a
rotating Earth revolved around it.
 What did some of the ancient civilizations believe about the Universe?
Egyptians: Sun god Ra was carried daily through the sky in a sacred boat.
Romans: Jupiter was the king of the gods
Aboriginals had various stories. Ursa Major was a bear running from hunters
Topic 2: Stronger Eyes
 Define TELESCOPE: is used to magnify objects at great distances and contains an
objective lens and an ocular lens.
 Define OBJECTIVE LENS: the large lends at the front of the telescope
 Define OCULAR LENS/EYEPIECE: the eyepiece through which you view the
magnified object
 What where the FOUR things Galileo Galilei discover? Which model did this support?
He discovered moon blemishes that lead to the Moon having craters and mountains on it.
He observed the sun spots moving over the surface which lead to the sun rotating on its
axis. He observed Jupiter had moons that orbited it. Lastly he observed that the stars are
much farther away than the planets.
 Who discovered the telescope? Dutch spectacle maker, Hans Lippershey
 Define RESOLVING POWER: The fineness of detail the telescope can produce of
the object in view.
 What determines the resolving power of a telescope? This depends on the diameter of the
objective lens.
 How does a REFRACTING TELESCOPE differ from a REFLECTING
TELESCOPE? Which provides a better image? Refracting telescopes have a lens for
their objectives and reflecting telescopes have objective mirrors. Refractors five better
images than equal-size reflectors, but reflectors can be made much larger. New designs
have elements of both types.
 Define ELLIPSE: a figure that looks like a squashed circle: planets in the solar
system move in elliptical orbits around the sun.
 How do planets orbit? (what shape): Elliptical
 Define UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION: Newton’s law states that all objects attract
all other objects, and provides an explanation fro the planets’ elliptical orbit.
 Which model does universal gravitation support? Heliocentric
Topic 3: The Spectroscope
 Define SPECTRUM: A collection of the light waves presented.
 Who was the first to discover the spectrum? Isaac Newton
 Define SPECTROSCOPE: a device that produces a focussed spectrum
 Define SPECTRAL LINES: Dark lines that appear on the spectrum
 What are the THREE different types of SPECTRA? What do they each produce? (page
377) Emission or Bright Line Spectrum produces a dark band with lines of color.






Continuous Spectrum: Rainbow
Absorption or Dark Line Spectrum: A colourful band with dark lines
Define SPECTROSCOPY: The study of spectra
Define DIFFRACTION GRATING: A device made of thousands of closely spaced
slits
Define SPECTRAL ANALYSIS: Studying the spectra of objects and determining
what they are made of.
Define DOPPLER EFFECT: The phenomenon that the observed frequency of a
wave changes if the source of the wave and the observer are moving toward or away
from one another
What is RED SHIFTED? (moving away or toward? short or long waves?) Away: longer
waves
What is BLUE SHIFTED? (moving away or toward? short or long waves?) Towards:
Shorter waves
Topic 4: Smarter Telescopes
 What are the THREE results achieved with advance in technology? Bigger telescopes,
Computers and adaptive optics
 What is the advantage of linking telescopes through computers? By linking images from
telescopes using computers, you essentially have created the equivalent of one telescope
the size of the total distance between the two.
 Define ADAPTIVE OPTICS: Computers that control the image you see are always
adapting the mirror to changes in the Earth’s atmosphere to remove cancel the
twinkling effect.
 Define TRIANGULATION/PARALLAX TECHNIQUE: A method of measuring the
distance indirectly to an object by creating an imaginary between an observer and
an object whose distance is to be estimated.
 In triangulation, the BIGGER the baseline, the more accurate the results.
 Define AU (ASTRONOMICAL UNIT): The distance from Earth to the Sun
 What is one AU equal to? Approx 150 million km)
 Define LIGHT-YEAR: The distance that light travels in one year.
 What is one light-year equal to? About 63 240 AU
Topic 5: What Channel?
 Define ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION: Different forms of waves including
radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, UV light, X-rays and
gamma rays.
 Define RADIO ASTRONOMY: Using radio ways to learn about the composition of
stars
 Where do radio waves come from? From radio objects like the planets and stars
 Define RADIO OBJECTS: objects that emit radio waves. The louder the radio
object, the “brighter” it is.
 What is a radio dish? Also known as Radio Telescopes that collect radio waves
 How do radio astronomers “see” using radio waves? What do the colours mean? (page
395) Astronomers monitored and recorded the incoming radio waves. Then they graphed
a data. Today computers store the same data and false colour it to produce images of the
radio waves.


Define INTERFEROMETRY: If two or more radio telescopes are separated by some
distance but are connected electronically their signals can be combined using a
computer. The resulting images are as good as if one telescope were used that was a
big as the distance between the two.
Define VERY LONG BASELINE INTERFEROMETRY (VLBI): Connecting
telescopes WITHOUT wires.
Topic 6: Above the Atmosphere and Under Control
 Define a ROCKET: A tube that contains a combustible material and a payload
 Define PAYLOAD: the device or material that the rocket carries (person,
equipment, explosive)
 Define EXHAUST VELOCITY The speed at which exhaust leaves the rocket.
Liquid fuel has a faster exhaust velocity than solid fuel.
 What are the THREE basic parts of a rocket? What is each part responsible for?
o The structural and mechanical elements: everything from the rocket itself to
engines, storage tanks and fins
o The fuel
o The payload
 What is the difference between an artificial satellite and a natural satellite? What is an
example of each? What can artificial satellites be used for? A artificial satellite is a
device that is made by humans and orbits. A natural satellite occurs naturally ie. The
moon. Artificial satellites are used for communication, entertainment, Remote sensing.
 What are some of the things computers are responsible for in relation to
rockets/spacecrafts? Computers figure out gravitational assist, improve what we see with
CCD’s, and combine, analyze and synthesize data.
 Define GRAVITATIONAL ASSIST: A method of acceleration which enables a
spacecraft to gain extra speed by suing the gravity of a planet. The craft is sent
around one planet. The planet’s gravity attracts the craft causing it to speed up and
change direction. At times it can cause the object to slow down, but puts it in a new
trajectory.
 What are CCDs/CHARGE COUPLED DEVICES?: These devices convert light signals
into electric signals in digital format.
 What is a GEOSYNCHRONOUS orbit? Where are these satellites placed? What can
they observe? What are they usually used for? Objects in this orbit move in the same
direction as Earth rotates. These are about 36 000km above Earth, directly over the
equator. Radio and television are usually in geosynchronous orbit.
 What is LOW EARTH ORBIT? Where are these satellites placed? What can they
observe? What are these satellites better at transmitting than geosynchronous satellites?
These satellites are placed 200-800 km high above the ground and complete one complete
orbit in about 1.5 h. Telephones are in this orbit.
 What are the names of two Canadian satellites? Anik and Anik E2
 What is REMOTE SENSING? What are some applications of it? The science of taking
measurements of Earth and other planets from space. Used to see
o Healthy vs. Unhealthy vegetation
o Clear-cut and burned forests
o Water pollution
o Erosion
o Land use in cities
o Weather tracking

What is GPS? What does it use to determine location? How many satellites are there in
orbit, and at least how many are above the horizon? Global positioning system. Used to
determine where a specific location is on Earth. There are 3 above the horizon, wherever
you are, whatever time of day. 20 000km above Earth.
Topic 7: The Solar System Up Close
 What is the Sun mostly composed of? How many times is it bigger than Earth? The sun is
mostly hydrogen. It is 110 times the diameter of Earth
 What are Sun spots? The regions of the sun that are cooler and therefore appear to be
darker than their surroundings.
 What is SOLAR WIND? Outflow of high-energy subatomic particles into space.
 What protects Earth from solar wind? The Earth’s magnetic field protects us from the
harmful effects of the solar wind.
 How is energy released from the Sun? Nuclear Fusion (hydrogen being converted into
helium)
 What are the INNER PLANETS? What are they composed of? Also known as terrestrial
planets- Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars
 What are the OUTER PLANETS? What are they composed of? These planets have
gaseous composition and are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune
 Life cycles of stars (massive and Sun-like).
Sun like star: Start with stellar Nebula-Average star  Red Giant  Planetary Nebula
 White Dwarf  Black Dwarf
Massive star: Stellar Nebula Massive Star  Red Supergiant  Supernovaif the star
is not destroyed entirely the core is left as a Neutron Star or Black Hole
 Distribution of matter in space. We live on the planet Earth which has a moon that orbits
us. We orbit the sun (a star, and one of many in our galaxy). Other planets orbit the sun
as well. All of these are part of the Milky Way Galaxy which is one of billions of
galaxy’s.
 What is a GALAXY? A galaxy is a grouping of millions or billions of stars, gas and dust.
It is held together by gravity.
Topic 8: People in Space
 How fast must an object travel to escape Earth’s gravity (in km/h)? 29 000kmh or 8km/s
 Who were the first humans on the Moon? When did they arrive? What was their mission
called? Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin were the first humans on the moon and they
were part of the Apollo program (#11) that also included Michael Collins.
 What is a SPACE SHUTTLE? How is it different from an ordinary space craft? The
Space Shuttle is a reusable spacecraft.
 What is the ISS (INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION)? How many nations are
involved? This project involves 16 nations and is the largest and most complex
international scientific project. It will provide a orbital laboratory for long term research
where gravity is effectively reduced.
 What is one major Canadian contribution to the ISS? Canadarm and Canadarm 2
 What is MICROGRAVITY? This term is used instead of “zero gravity” because there is
almost as much gravity in orbit as there is on Earth. Weightlessness occurs because
orbiting has the same effect as falling.
 What are some of the changes the body undergoes in conditions of weightlessness?
Astronauts and Cosmonauts experience weakened muscles (atrophy or deterioration)
because they are not battling gravity to move their muscles.

What are some “Space Age” inspired materials and systems? (table at the end of Topic
7)