Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
THE Age of Religious Wars and European Expansion Life-Changing Developments: The Reformation Overseas expansion Cultural, political, religious and social life Broaden geographical horizons Confrontations with ancient civilizations Conquest Exploration Social changes Politics Wars Power and territorial expansion Religious issues Rationalize wars Treaty France and Spain Ended Habsburg-Valois Wars. of Cateau-Cambresis (1559) Spain was the victor France Spanish dominance in Italy New Period Politics and religion played a dominant role Before: Dynastic wars. Religion: persuasion for taxation. Religious differences: participate in wars Religious passion: conditioned mindset. Late Bigger armies 16th Century Reorganized administration for financing Use of gunpowder Altered nature of war and attitudes “coward’s weapon” Killed and wounded from distance Weakened the notion of War as Ennobling Propaganda to support war (printing press) Medieval Ideal Unified Christian society governed by one ruler and one Church End Ideal: Peace of Westphalia, 1648 Recovery: Labor shortage Hurt nobility Increase in Population (late 15th century) Population loses: Plague and Hundred-Year War Cash rents for servile rents Declining buying power of money 15th and 16th Century: New lands under cultivation Division of property small holdings Domestic and foreign trade Royal Law courts—1539 Government Strength Official language: French Centralizing power Taille, tax on land. Tax base was too narrow Habsburg-Valois Wars: unaffordable Financing the wars Increasing taxes Heavy borrowing New Devices Sale of public offices Became hereditary tax-exempt Tax-exempt class: nobility of the robe Beyond Crown jurisdiction Treaty with papacy—Concordat of Bologna, 1516 Treaty with Papacy Supremacy of papacy over Council—French Crown: bishops. Supplement of money and power Catholicism as State Religion. Issues Ecclesiastical offices reward civil servants Promotion of churchmen service to state No work toward intellectual and moral standard of parish Receptive audience for Luther and Calvin. Members of Catholic clergy, middle class, artisan groups (major cities)—1/10 Condemnation by universities and governments, and massive burnings. Feebleness Three weak sons of Henry II—no leadership French nobility (Calvinists) took advantage of French crown civil violence Calvinism religious cloak of independence Armed conflict Catholic royalist lords v. Calvinist antimonarchical lords Religious issue—Surface Real issue Power Working Classes Real Issue Religious The “other” polluted the community. Violence on people and property Catholic Marriage of king’s sister, Mary of Valois with Henry of Navarre (Huguenots) Gaspard de Coligny—leader of Huguenot party attack on Calvinists, 1572. Influence over Charles IX. Henry of Guise—leader of Catholic aristocracy Attacked Coligny rioting and slaughter. Huguenot gentry was massacre August 25th to October 3rd: 12,000 Huguenots massacre. Consequences War of the Three Henrys Civil war Factions Catholic Henry of Guise Protestant Henry of Navarre King Henry III 1. 2. 3. 1. Catholic but Catholic Guise group was his greatest danger. 1. The Guises + Holy League (Catholic Nobles) 1. 2. Destroy Calvinism Replace Henry III Consequences agriculture destroyed, commercial life declined, starvation and death Politiques Moderates of both faiths Restoration of monarchy could reverse the trend Huguenots as officially recognized as pressure group. Henry of Navarre Henry IV. Strong and united France Accepted into Roman Catholicism Edict of Nantes, 1598 Liberty of conscience and public worship for Huguenots in 150 towns Political experience and travel Pious Attended mass everyday + lived in Monastery Relied on God for political help Inquisition and Toleration inflexible. Toleration = growth of heresy, civil disorder, violence and bloodshed. Inquisition = church and civil power extirpate heresy Controlled: Ecclesiastical appointments and revenues “The English Problem” Mary, Queen of Scots, heir to Elizabeth of England Plot to assassinate Elizabeth Philip II supported it reunite England with Catholicism Mary was beheaded. Pope Sixtus V offered Philip money when Spanish troops landed in England Spanish Armada to fight off Elizabeth navy. 130 vessels met English fleet of 150 vessels Mixed Consequences Spain rebuilt its navy. Did not halt the flow of silver. War between England and Spain drag on. Prevented Philip to impose religious unity recognized independence of the Netherlands. Defeatism Peace Faith of the prince religion of subjects Catholicism or Lutheranism Catholics alarmed Lutherans breaking the Peace of Augsburg, 1555 Acquiring German bishoprics Calvinists ignored it converted princes Jesuits reconverted Lutheran princes Protestant Union Lutheran princes Catholic League No territorial advance Beginning: “The Defenestration of Prague” Protestants hurled two of Ferdinand’s (King of Bohemia) officials out of the window of a castle in Prague. Four 1. 2. 3. 4. phases: Bohemian Phase (1618-1625) Danish Phase (1625-1629) Swedish Phase (1629-1635) International Phase (1635-1648) Peace of Westphalia 1. 2. 3. Civil war between Catholic League (Ferdinand) and Protestant Union (Frederick Duke of Bohemia— Palatinate-SW Germany) Bohemians: religious liberty and independence from Habsburg Catholic defeated Frederick—wiping out Protestantism Participation Protestant cause Catholic Imperial Army Catholic victories Albert of Wallenstein Built an army only loyal to himself Interest: carving an empire to himself Quarreled with Catholic League Catholic forces divided. 1629: of King Christian IV of Denmark Peak of Habsburg power. Edict of Restitution: Catholic properties lost to Protestantism were to b restored Catholics and Protestants: only allowed to practice Arrival at Germany: Gustavus Adolphus, Swedish king. Lutheran Support oppressed Protestants Cardinal Richelieu (chief minister of King Lous XIII) subsidized Swiss to weaken Habsburg. Decisive for Protestantism in Germany Ended Habsburg ambitions of uniting German states Death of King + defeats French entered war French foreign policy Opposition to Habsburg + France stature Cardinal Richelieu: War on Spain Assistant to Swedes and German Protestant princes 1648 Turning point in political, religious and social history Ended conflicts over religion Recognized authority of German princes Each would govern their own territory Habsburg Emperor’s power was limited Acknowledgment of independence of United Provinces of the Netherlands + France size and prestige. Denied papacy the right to participate in German religious affairs Symbolizes reduced influence of Church in politics. Augsburg agreement permanently Added Calvinism as a legally permissible creed. North German States: Protestant South German States: Catholic. Disaster for German economy and society Death toll Vast areas depopulated 1/3 of urban residents 2/5 of rural area residents Military action Diseases Refugees Late 16th Century: Economic crisis Silver from South America Aggravated in the Empire. Losses in agricultural land, livestock, trade and commerce -food + Spanish silver price rise Rise in value of labor Farmers that lack revenue day laborers Peasants’ loss of labor new serfdom Nobles and landlords bought small holdings great estates. Period from 1450 to 1650: Age of Discovery Age of Reconnaissance Advances in geographical knowledge and technology Ex. Sailing time = thousand years earlier Earth surface = Romans Preliminary exploration of the earth’s surface sketch physical outline Age of Expansion Migration of Europeans to other parts of the world Colonization political control South and North America Africa India, China, Japan, Pacific Islands Economic exploration, religious domination Beginning 10th Century Vikings across the Atlantic Greenland and Eastern coast of N. America Permanent settlements. Crusades in 11th- 13th Century explore and exploit people Unsuccessful lack of territorial base, Muslim military strength, misrule Political centralization Outward push Spain, of outward expansion 15th Century consolidated several kingdoms, humbled the Muslims, revamped bureaucracy. Strong monarchy support foreign adventures. France and England Head start overseas Beginning of European exploration and control 1415 Morocco Policy Christianize Muslims, find gold, rout to spice Market in India, mythical Christian ruler of Ethiopia Control the flow of gold into Europe (16th Century). Vasco da Gama India Trading posts in India Lisbon entrance point for Asian goods Muslims had controlled the spice trade of Indian Ocean Portugal destroyed strategic Muslim forts Cannons blasted vital centers of Arab domination of S. Asian trade (Governor of India) Trading posts and military bases 1500: coast of Brazil sighted claimed by Portugal Key to Europe’s outreach Technology 1350 Cannons: fully developed Early cannon’s difficulties Inaccurate, heavy, time to reload inefficient for land warfare. Iron liable to crack, corrosion Bronze/copper more expensive Effective for the sea Mounted on ships + improved shipbuilding=European Expansion Caravels—15th Century by Portuguese Before, galleys open boats propelled by manpower Could not withstand winds of the Atlantic Need for studier ships + Population Loss (BD) no need for soldiers nor manpower. Small, light, slower, more cargo, highly maneuverable, cannons dominate larger vessels Wind power manpower Artillery fire soldiers Magnetic compass (direction), astrolabe (latitude-position N or S of Equator), improved maps and sea charts. Not a Motive Demographic pressure population losses from Black Death Few Europeans immigrated during 1500. ½ of those sailing died ½ reaching New World returned Causes Crusading fervor (Portuguese and Spanish ideal) Spanish upper classes limited political and economic opportunities Quasi-scientific literature about those continents excited people Spices—food + medicine (Crusaders in 12th) Private individuals could not afford exploration voyages Renaissance curiosity about physical universe Ancient aristocracy lands and urban administration Immigrated to the Americas Government sponsorship and encouragement Medieval mindset attitudes and values shaped by religion Desire to Christianize Muslims and pagan India and China Ming dynasty + Ottoman Turks into Mediterranean Quest for material profit He enslaved and killed Indians Cruel and ineffective governor (Caribbean colonies). He did not discover the continent Misunderstood what he found Ahistorical criticisms they are based on standards that did not exist at that time. 1. 2. 3. 4. Religious Christianity as missionary religion carried to places Geographical knowledge of classical authors. Knowledgeable about the seas and instruments Find a direct ocean route to Asia expanded trade 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. Make Spain participate in this trade. Changed goals set up government Religious agent Material goals Ignored Described what he wanted to see. evidence of senses Idyllic paradise/Garden of Eden propaganda: myth He realized he did not find the spices market in Asia Changed goals following Portuguese trade Setting up some form of government Laid foundations for Spanish imperial administration. Subjugated the island of Hispaniola and enslaved the natives. System of land grants Hispaniola, Cuba and Puerto Rico Gold Gold mines killed off Indians Diseases brought by Europeans no immunity 1492: 100.000 people 15270: 300 people Need for slaves from Bahamas and New Guinea. Riches of the Americas poured into Spain and Portugal Trading center Antwerp (Belgium). Commercial and financial capital of Europe Replaced by Amsterdam Southward movement precious metals Ferdinand Magellan Hernando Cortes Find direct rout to the spices in Asia (Charles V). Verified the theory that the earth was round Showed the earth was larger than what Columbus had thought. Crossed to mainland Mexico Taken the Aztec Emperor Moctezuma captive and the empire Founded Mexico City Francisco Pizarro Crushed the Inca Empire Established viceroyalty of Peru Potosi richest silver mines 16th Century Golden Century of Spain Spanish influence was felt all over Europe Armies, Catholicism and wealth Rested on influx of precious metals Economic Consequences Population increase + Spanish products Increase in food demand and goods +$ Had expelled Jews and Muslims could not meet demands +$ could not compete Farmers and business people. How were these lands to be governed? Absolutism: Crown entitled to exercise full authority. New World Territory four viceroyalties Viceroy (imperial governor): military and civil authority Direct representative Presided over the “audiencia”: board of judges as advisory council and judicial body 1. New Spain 2. Peru 3. New Granada 4. La Plata System of Intendants: military, administrative and financial. Mercantilist Principle: colonies for financial benefit of home country Quinto: 1/5 of precious metals. Baroque: Term of scorn used by 18th century critics High point in Western Culture Development: Rome Revitalized Catholic Church Papacy + Jesuits exuberant, emotional art “odd-shaped, imperfect pearl” Appeal to senses touch souls, faith RELIGIOUS EMOTIONALISM Agitated age violence in politics and religion Broader focus Renaissance only pleased a small elite. Johann Sebastian Bach, Paul Rubens. • • • • • Sensuous Colorful Animated figures Melodramatic contrast Catholic • Christian subjects • Voluptuous saints and angels