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Early Exploration, Renaissance & Religious Freedom Territories Divided • Portugal claimed all land west of Africa was theirs’ • Big Problems NOW • Pope Alexander VI divides ocean at 400 miles west of Azore Islands • West of line… Spain • East of line… Portugal • Lined named… Papal Line of Demarcation Treaty of Tordesillas • 1494• line moved in agreement to new “Treaty” 700 miles further west when realized how much more land there was • Treaty of Tordesillas divided Americas between Spain and Portugal • Didn’t allow for claims by other countries • England, France, & Netherlands ignored treaty What is the Importance? Exploring the Americas • England, France, & Netherlands wanted in on the $$$ from trade and colonization too • Voyage to Asia, either around Africa or S. America long and difficult • Want to find route going NW over Canada • “NW Passage” • 1497- England sent John Cabot look • Only made it to Newfoundland • But trip was basis for future attempts • 1499- Amerigo Vespucci began mapping SA coastline • Concluded this was new continent not Asia • By 1500’s European map makers begin calling land America Exploring the Americas • 1513- Vasco Núñez de Balboa • Governor of Panama to Spain • Heard stories of “great waters” beyond mts. • 1513- forms a party to hike through the jungles • After weeks, sees Pacific Ocean • 1st European to do so!!! • 1524- France hires Giovanni da Verrazano to look • Explored coast from N. Canada all the way to Carolinas • 1535- French hire Jacques Cartier • Sails up St. Lawrence hoping it would lead to Pacific • Made it to present-day Montreal, claiming land for France Sailing Around the World • Spanish wanted to find sea route through or around SA to Asia • 1519- hire Ferdinand Magellan, actually Portuguese though • 5 ships • Sail across Atlantic then down east coast of SA • November 1520 finds and sails through a narrow strait (now bares his name) • Names the ocean on other side Pacific, meaning peaceful • Expects trip across Pacific just a few weeks • Lasted 4 months • Crew ran out of food • Ate sawdust, rats, and leather to survive • Magellan dies in the Philippines • Crew continued • Trip took 3 years • Only 1 of 5 ships • Only 18 of 200+ crew members • 1st to circumnavigate, or sail around the world Still in Search of NW Passage • Netherlands (Dutch) wanted to find NW Passage too • 1609- Dutch hire Henry Hudson • Discovers the Hudson River • Sails up as far as Albany and turns back • 1610- hired by England and discovers Hudson Bay • Thought it was the Pacific but when couldn’t find outlet crew rebelled • Hudson, his son, and a few sailors were kicked off boat never to be seen again Essential Question • Why were countries like England, France and the Netherlands looking for their own path to Asia (NW Passage)? Where it ALL Begins… • 1517- Martin Luther (German monk) • Nails list of complaints about Catholic Church to door of local cathedral • 95 Theses • Believed church corrupt • including the Pope!!! • Believed faith not good deeds was way to Heaven • Can’t buy salvation • Changes Europe… • B4 all Europe Roman Catholic • Now… people question ideals of Roman Catholic Church • Begin to “protest” it • Become known as “protestants” • Movement away from Catholic Church to other versions of Christianity called Protestant Reformation • Beginning of Lutherans Why Protestant? Protestantism Spreads Created What? Names? • Luther’s ideas spread widely • John Calvin (French) “Come here, Honey… come look through this hole. I have a surprise for you!” • Agrees w/ Luther and also breaks away from Catholic Church • Start of Calvinism • King Henry VIII of England breaks away too • Selfish reasons though • Wants divorce; Catholic says, “NO!” • Declares all England now members of new Church of England • King is head of church now, not Pope! • Europe divides • Countries and people decide whether to stay Catholic or join Protestant version of Christianity • Spain and France stay Catholic and work to spread their ideas • English and Dutch turn Protestant • New World will be divided as well Money, Power, Respect • Religion only 1 of factors that pushed Europeans across Atlantic • Mercantilism: money = POWER • Spain controls trade route, trade, money • So… have all the power • Too powerful to be challenged directly • Other countries explore areas Spain doesn’t control • New World has tons of goodies and resources • $$$ to be made Mercantilism? The Columbian Exchange Define? • Voyages of Columbus and other explorers • Brought 2 parts globe B4 had no contact • Europe & Asia • Americas • Led to exchange of goods on both sides of Atlantic • To Americas- Colonists, animals, plants, Disease • To Europe- Crops, food, disease French Open Trading Posts • Not really interested in building an empire in New World • Saw it as opportunity for $$$ in fishing and fur trade • Furs were popular in Europe • Traders make big time $$$ in beaver pelts • Made agreement w/ Natives to trade fur • 1608- sent Samuel de Champlain to set up trading post • Turns into modern-day Quebec • Used Quebec as basis for moving into other parts of Canada • Built trading posts for fur Dutch Settlements Majority become…??? • Wanted its share in world trade • Hudson’s voyage starts their claims • Netherlands was small but had large fleet of ships • 1621- Dutch West India Company sets up trading colony • New Netherland • Where Hudson explored • 1624- sets up forts • • • • Fort Orange (Albany) Fort Burlington Island (NJ) Fort Nassau (Philadelphia) New Amsterdam (Manhattan Island)(NYC) • 1626- Governor pays Manhates Natives for the island in goods • Goods included cloth, beads, trinkets, and metal tools like axes and hoes