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HEALTH SCIENCE 365 Chapter 1 – Skeletal System & Foundations of Kinesiology Skeletal System – 2 Divisions Axial Skull Spinal Column Sternum Ribs Appendicular Shoulder Girdle Upper Extremity Pelvic Girdle Lower Extremity Major Functions Support Protection Movement Storage Hemopoiesis Classification of Bones Long Short Flat Irregular Sesmoid Bone Properties Wolff’s Law: Bone size (mass) and shape – formation according to the stresses (direction and magnitude of force) habitually applied to them Bone Markings Processes that form joints: condyle, facet, head Processes to which muscles, tendon, or ligaments attach: crest, epicondyle, line, process, spine, trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity Cavities that contain tendons, vessels, nerves: groove, foramen, fossa, fovea, meatus, sinus, sulcus Soft/Connective Tissues 1. Ligament – thick fibrous band of connective tissue 2. Tendon – band of connective tissue that connects muscle to bone 3. Retinaculum – connective tissue sheath that binds and holds tendons in place 4. Fascia – connective tissue that encloses, separates, and binds muscles. 5. Aponeurosis – connective tissue sheath that anchors one muscle to another 6. Cartilage – a firm, smooth, resilient, non-vascular connective tissue 7. Meniscus – crescent plates of cartilage that deepen an articular surface & act like a shock absorber 8. Labrum – cartilage that deepens joint socket Reference Positions/Segments Anatomical position Fundamental Position Reference Lines Head Palm Pelvis Foot Reference Segment _____________________________ Reference Side _________________________________ Anatomical Directional Terminology Anterior - In front. Toward the front (Anteroinferior, Anterosuperior, Anterolateral, Anteromedial, Anteroposterior) Superior - Above in relation to another structure (Superolateral, Superomedial) Medial - Nearer to the midline. Toward the middle Ipsilateral – On the same side Posterior - In back. Toward the back (Posterorinferior, Posterosuperior, Posterolateral, Posteromedial, Posteroanterior) Inferior Below in relation to another structure (Inferolateral, Inferomedial) Lateral – Farther from the midline. Toward the outside Contralateral – Pertaining to the opposite side Unilateral – Pertaining to one side Bilateral – Pertaining to both sides Cephalic – Above in relation to another structure. Toward the head Dorsal – Relating to the back. Upper surface (Prone position) Caudal – Below in relation to another structure. Toward the tail Ventral – Relating to the abdomen. Lower surface. (Supine position) Proximal – Nearest the point of origin Distal – Farther from point of origin. Superficial – Near the surface (describes depth) Deep – Below the surface (describes depth) Palmer – Relating to the palm or volar aspect of the hand Prone – Face down position. Plantar – Relating to the sole or volar aspect of The foot Supine – Face up position Dorsum – Superior surface of an anterior projecting structure Volar – Relating to palm of hand or sole of foot General Anatomical/Medical Terms Acquired – not present at birth Hypertrophy – increased growth Contracture – the abnormal and relatively permanent shortening of a muscle Cubitus – elbow Genu – knee Plana – flat Hallux – big toe Talipes – congenital club foot problem Calcaneo – extreme dorsiflexion Varum – distal segment nearer midline Etiology – the cause of Congenital – present at birth Atrophy – diminished growth Elongation – the relatively permanent Lengthening of a muscle Coxa – hip Pes – foot Cavus – cave like (high arch) Pollux – thumb Equino – extreme plantarflexion Recurvatum – backward or reverse curve Valgum – distal segment farther from midline Idiopathic – the cause is unknown Planes of Motion & Axes of Rotation Plane: an imaginary two-dimensional surface Axis: point of rotation with a 90° relationship to a plane Plane of Motion Saggital midsaggital Frontal (Coronal) Transverse (horizontal) Diagonal (oblique) Description of Plane Divides body into right and left halves Divides body into ant. & post. halves Divides body into sup. & inf. halves Axis of Rotation Description of Axis Common Movements Articular System – the union/articulation of two or more bones Types of Joints - Classifications of articulations grouped according to structure or function Structural: Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial Functional: Synarthrodial, Amphiarthrodial, Diathrodial 1. Synarthrodial (immoveable) Suture - ___________________________________________ Gomphosis - _______________________________________ 2. Amphiarthrodial (slightly moveable) Syndesmosis – __________________________________________________________ Symphasis – ____________________________________________________________ Synchrondrosis – ________________________________________________________ 3. Diarthrodial (freely moveable) – joint cavity, joint capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, articular cartilage (articular disc?) Ginglymus (Hinge) Arthrodial (Gliding) Trochoidial (Pivot) -Uniaxial -Multiaxial -Uniaxial Interphalangeal Carpal articulations Radioulnar (prox & dist) Metacarpophalangeal Tarsal articulations Atlantoaxial of thumb Acromioclavicular Condylodial (Convex-Concave) Humeroulnar Sternoclavicular -Biaxial Tibiotarsal Patellofemoral Metacarpophalangeal Femorotibial (dual) Radiohumeral (pivot?) Radiocarpal Vertebral art. process Seller (Saddle) Atlantooccipital Carpometacarpal -Multiaxial Femorotibial (dual) Tarsometatarsal Carpometacarpal of Metatarsophalangeal Sternocostal thumb Costovertebral Costotransverse Enarthrodial (Ball & Socket) Intermetatarsal -Multiaxial Intermetacarpal Acetabulofemoral Sacroiliac Glenohumeral Joint Movements – Types and Terminology Motion that takes place by the bones moving through a plane of motion about an axis is referred to as physiological movement or osteokinematic motion. Said another way, movement is the change in relationship between segments. Movement Terminology are the terms used to describe the actual change in position of the bones relative to each other. The specific amount of movement in a joint can be measured using an instrument called a goniometer. Differentiate between movement and position Terminology (flex knee vs. flex leg) General Anatomical Movement Terms Abduction – lateral movement away from body body midline Plane: Flexion – movement resulting in a decrease of the joint angle Plane: Circumduction – circular movement. Adduction – medial movement toward body Midline Plane: Extension – movement resulting in an increase of the joint angle Plane: Diagonal Abduction – movement of limb through a diagonal plane away from body midline Plane: Plane: Diagonal Adduction – movement of limb throu Internal Rotation – rotary movement around the a diagonal plane toward or across body midline longitudinal axis of bone toward body midline Plane: Plane: External Rotation – rotary movement around Hyperextension – extension movement beyond longitudinal axis of bone away from midline anatomical position Plane: Plane: Anatomical Movement Terms Specific to the Ankle and Foot Dorsiflexion – flexion movement of ankle. Plantarflexion – extension movement of ankle. Top of foot moving toward anterior tibia Toes moving away from body Plane: Plane: Eversion – foot movement turning sole of foot Inversion – foot movement turning sole of foot outward inward Plane: Plane: Anatomical Movement Terms Specific to the Shoulder Girdle & Shoulder Joint Depression – inferior movement of shoulder Elevation – superior movement of shoulder girdle (scapula) girdle (scapula) Plane: Plane: Protraction (Scapular Abduction) – lateral Retraction (Scapular Adduction) - medial movement of shoulder girdle away from spine movement of shoulder girdle toward spine Plane: Plane: Upward Rotation – rotary movement of Downward Rotation – rotary movement of scapula (acromion process = superomedial) scapula (acromion process = inferolateral) Plane: Plane: Horizontal Abduction – shoulder movement of hHorizontal Adduction - shoulder movement of humerus (90° abd.) away from body midline humerus (90° abd.) toward body midline Plane: Plane: Anatomical Movement Terms Specific to the Radiounlar Joint Pronation – internal rotation of radius. Supination – external rotation of radius. Reference point turns in (palm down) Reference point turn out (palm up) Plane: Plane: Anatomical Movement Terms Specific to the Spine Lateral Flexion – movement of neck and trunk Reduction – return on the spinal column to the to side away from midline (side bending) anatomical position Plane: Plane: Rotation – right or left spinal rotation. Plane: Anatomical Movement Terms Specific to the Wrist and Hand Extension – wrist movement with dorsal aspect Flexion – wrist movement with palmer aspect of of hand moving toward posterior forearm hand moving toward anterior forearm Plane: Plane: Radial Deviation – wrist movement with thumb Ulnar Deviation – wrist movement with little side of hand moving toward lateral forearm finger side of hand moving toward medial forearm Plane: Plane: Thumb Opposition – CMC diagonal movement of Thumb Reposition – CMC diagonal movement of across palm to make contact with fingers thumb back to anatomical position from opposition Plane: Plane: Long Abduction – CMC movement of thumb Short Abduction – CMC movement with thumb moving away from hand in frontal plane moving away from palm in saggital plane Plane: Plane: Anatomical Movement Terms Specific to the Mandible Protrusion – forward thrusting of jaw Retrusion – movement of jaw back to anatomical position from protrusion Plane: Plane: Arthrokinematic Motion In order for physiological movements to occur there must be movement between the actual articular surfaces of the joint. This is known as arthrokinematic motion. There are three specific types: Roll (rock) – a series of points on one articular surface contacts with a series of points on another articular surface Glide (slide, translation) – a specific point on one articulating surface comes in contact with a series of points on another surface Spin – A single point on one articular surface rotates about a single point on another articular surface. Axial Skeleton - Bones & Bony Landmarks Skull 1. Frontal 2. Parietal 3. Temporal Mastoid Process 4. Occipital External Occipital Protuberance Superior Nuchal Line 5. Sphenoid 6. Ethmoid 7. Maxilla 8. Palatine 9. Zygomatic 10. Lacrimal 11. Nasal 12. Nasal Conchae 13. Vomer 14. Mandible Vertebral Column General Structures 1. Body 2. Pedicle 3. Transverse Processes 4. Articular Processes 5. Lamina 6. Spinous Process 7. Vertebral Foreman 8. Intervertebral Foreman Regional Structures 1. Cervical (7) Bifed Spinous Process Transverse Foreman Atlas Axis (Odontoid Process) 2. Thoracic (12) Superior & Inferior Costal Facets Transverse Costal Facet 3. Lumbar (5) 4. Sacral (5) Median Sacral Crest Sacral Canal Sacral Foramen Sacral Hiatus Superior Articular Facet Superior Sacral Notch 5. Coccyx (4) Sternum & Rib Cage Sternum Manubrium Clavicular Notch Jugular Notch Sternal Angle Body of Sternum Costal Notches Transverse Ridge Xiphoid Process Ribs True (7) False (3) Floating (2) Head - Articulating facet Neck Tubercle - Articular part - Nonarticular part Superior Border Inferior Border Costal Groove Shaft Costal Angle Appendicular Skeleton (Upper Extremity) - Bones & Bony Landmarks 1. Clavicle 4. Ulna Sternal End Olecranon Process Acromial End Coronoid Process Deltoid Tubercle Semilunar Notch Conoid Tubercle Radial Notch Trapezoid Line Ulnar Tuberosity Subclavian Groove Supinator Crest Supinator Fossa 2. Scapula Interosseous Crest Spine Head Acromion Process Styloid Process Supraspinous Fossa 5. Radius Infraspinous Fossa Subscapular Fossa Head Superior Border Neck Supra scapular Notch Radial Tuberosity Medial (vertebral) Border Ulnar Notch Lateral (axillary) Border Styloid Process Coracoid Process 6. Carpals Glenoid Fossa Scaphoid Supra Glenoid Tubercle Lunate Infra Glenoid Tubercle Triquetrum Superior Angle Pisiform Inferior Angle Trapezium 3. Humerus Trapezoid Head Capitate Anatomical Neck Hamate (Hook of Hamate) Greater Tubercle 7. Metacarpals Lesser Tubercle Base Intertubercular Groove (bicipital) Shaft Surgical Neck Head Deltoid Tuberosity Radial Groove 8. Phalanges Med & Lat Supracondylar Ridges Proximal Med. & Lat. Epicondyles Middle Capitulum Distal Trochlea Olecranon Fossa Coronoid Fossa Radial Fossa Appendicular Skeleton (Lower Extremity) - Bones & Bony Landmarks Pelvic Girdle (acetabulum, acetabular notch, 5. Patella obturator foramen) Os Coxae (3 parts) Base 1. Ilium Apex Iliac crest Medial, Lateral & Proximal Borders Anterior Superior Iliac Spine 6. Tibia Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine Posterior Superior Iliac Spine Intercondyloid Eminence Posterior Inferior Iliac Spine Medial & Lateral Condyles (plateaus) Sacral Articulation Tibial Tuberosity Iliac Fossa Gerdy’s Tubercle Iliopectineal Eminance Soleal Line Greater Sciatic Notch Superior Fibular Articulation Auricular Surface Interosseous Border Iliac Tuberosity Anterior Border External Surface (Ant, Post, Inf Glut ln) Inferior Fibular Articulation Medial Malleolus 2. Ischium Talus Articulation Ischial Tuberosity Superior & Inferior Rami 7. Fibula Spine of the Ischium Head Lesser Sciatic Notch Styloid Process Lateral Malleolus 3. Pubis Talus Articulation Crest Interosseous Border Superior & Inferior Rami Anterior Border Pubic Symphysis (cartilage) Pubic Tubercle 8. Tarsals Calcaneus (calcaneal tuberosity, 4. Femur sustentaculum tali, peroneal trochlea) Head (fovea capitus) Talus (body, neck, head) Neck Navicular (tuberosity) Greater & Lesser Trochanters Cuboid (peroneal groove) Intertrochanteric Line (anterior) Cuniform (1st, 2nd, 3rd) Intertrochanteric Crest (posterior) 9. Metatarsals Quadrate Tubercle Base (5th tuberosity) Gluteal Tuberosity Shaft Pectineal Line Head Linea Aspera (med. & lat. Lips) Adductor Tubercle 8. Phalanges Medial & Lateral Condyles Proximal Patellar Surface Middle Intercondyloid Fossa Distal Popliteal Surface