Download HEALTH SCIENCE 365

HEALTH SCIENCE 365
Chapter 1 – Skeletal System & Foundations of Kinesiology
Skeletal System – 2 Divisions
Axial
 Skull
 Spinal Column
 Sternum
 Ribs
Appendicular
 Shoulder Girdle
 Upper Extremity
 Pelvic Girdle
 Lower Extremity
Major Functions
 Support
 Protection
 Movement
 Storage
 Hemopoiesis
Classification of Bones
 Long
 Short
 Flat
 Irregular
 Sesmoid
Bone Properties
 Wolff’s Law: Bone size (mass) and shape – formation according to the stresses
(direction and magnitude of force) habitually applied to them
Bone Markings
 Processes that form joints: condyle, facet, head
 Processes to which muscles, tendon, or ligaments attach: crest, epicondyle, line,
process, spine, trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity
 Cavities that contain tendons, vessels, nerves: groove, foramen, fossa, fovea,
meatus, sinus, sulcus
Soft/Connective Tissues
1. Ligament – thick fibrous band of connective tissue
2. Tendon – band of connective tissue that connects muscle to bone
3. Retinaculum – connective tissue sheath that binds and holds tendons in place
4. Fascia – connective tissue that encloses, separates, and binds muscles.
5. Aponeurosis – connective tissue sheath that anchors one muscle to another
6. Cartilage – a firm, smooth, resilient, non-vascular connective tissue
7. Meniscus – crescent plates of cartilage that deepen an articular surface & act like a shock absorber
8. Labrum – cartilage that deepens joint socket
Reference Positions/Segments
Anatomical position
Fundamental Position
Reference Lines
 Head
 Palm
 Pelvis
 Foot
Reference Segment _____________________________
Reference Side _________________________________
Anatomical Directional Terminology
Anterior - In front. Toward the front
(Anteroinferior, Anterosuperior,
Anterolateral, Anteromedial, Anteroposterior)
Superior - Above in relation to another
structure
(Superolateral, Superomedial)
Medial - Nearer to the midline. Toward the
middle
Ipsilateral – On the same side
Posterior - In back. Toward the back
(Posterorinferior, Posterosuperior,
Posterolateral, Posteromedial, Posteroanterior)
Inferior Below in relation to another structure
(Inferolateral, Inferomedial)
Lateral – Farther from the midline. Toward the
outside
Contralateral – Pertaining to the opposite side
Unilateral – Pertaining to one side
Bilateral – Pertaining to both sides
Cephalic – Above in relation to another
structure. Toward the head
Dorsal – Relating to the back. Upper surface
(Prone position)
Caudal – Below in relation to another
structure. Toward the tail
Ventral – Relating to the abdomen. Lower
surface. (Supine position)
Proximal – Nearest the point of origin
Distal – Farther from point of origin.
Superficial – Near the surface (describes depth) Deep – Below the surface (describes depth)
Palmer – Relating to the palm or volar aspect
of the hand
Prone – Face down position.
Plantar – Relating to the sole or volar aspect of
The foot
Supine – Face up position
Dorsum – Superior surface of an anterior
projecting structure
Volar – Relating to palm of hand or sole of
foot
General Anatomical/Medical Terms
Acquired – not present at birth
Hypertrophy – increased growth
Contracture – the abnormal and relatively
permanent shortening of a muscle
Cubitus – elbow
Genu – knee
Plana – flat
Hallux – big toe
Talipes – congenital club foot problem
Calcaneo – extreme dorsiflexion
Varum – distal segment nearer midline
Etiology – the cause of
Congenital – present at birth
Atrophy – diminished growth
Elongation – the relatively permanent
Lengthening of a muscle
Coxa – hip
Pes – foot
Cavus – cave like (high arch)
Pollux – thumb
Equino – extreme plantarflexion
Recurvatum – backward or reverse curve
Valgum – distal segment farther from midline
Idiopathic – the cause is unknown
Planes of Motion & Axes of Rotation
Plane: an imaginary two-dimensional surface
Axis: point of rotation with a 90° relationship to a plane
Plane of
Motion
Saggital
 midsaggital
Frontal
(Coronal)
Transverse
(horizontal)
Diagonal
(oblique)
Description of
Plane
Divides body into
right and left halves
Divides body into
ant. & post. halves
Divides body into
sup. & inf. halves
Axis of Rotation
Description of
Axis
Common
Movements
Articular System – the union/articulation of two or more bones
Types of Joints - Classifications of articulations grouped according to structure or function
Structural: Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial
Functional: Synarthrodial, Amphiarthrodial, Diathrodial
1. Synarthrodial (immoveable)
 Suture - ___________________________________________
 Gomphosis - _______________________________________
2. Amphiarthrodial (slightly moveable)
 Syndesmosis – __________________________________________________________
 Symphasis – ____________________________________________________________
 Synchrondrosis – ________________________________________________________
3. Diarthrodial (freely moveable) – joint cavity, joint capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid,
articular cartilage (articular disc?)
Ginglymus (Hinge)
Arthrodial (Gliding)
Trochoidial (Pivot)
-Uniaxial
-Multiaxial
-Uniaxial
 Interphalangeal
 Carpal articulations
 Radioulnar (prox & dist)
 Metacarpophalangeal
 Tarsal articulations
 Atlantoaxial
of thumb
 Acromioclavicular
Condylodial (Convex-Concave)
 Humeroulnar
 Sternoclavicular
-Biaxial
 Tibiotarsal
 Patellofemoral
 Metacarpophalangeal
 Femorotibial (dual)
 Radiohumeral (pivot?)
 Radiocarpal
 Vertebral art. process
Seller (Saddle)
 Atlantooccipital
 Carpometacarpal
-Multiaxial
 Femorotibial (dual)
 Tarsometatarsal
 Carpometacarpal of
 Metatarsophalangeal
 Sternocostal
thumb
 Costovertebral
 Costotransverse
Enarthrodial (Ball & Socket)
 Intermetatarsal
-Multiaxial
 Intermetacarpal
 Acetabulofemoral
 Sacroiliac
 Glenohumeral
Joint Movements – Types and Terminology
Motion that takes place by the bones moving through a plane of motion about an axis is referred to as
physiological movement or osteokinematic motion. Said another way, movement is the change in
relationship between segments. Movement Terminology are the terms used to describe the actual change
in position of the bones relative to each other. The specific amount of movement in a joint can be
measured using an instrument called a goniometer.

Differentiate between movement and position

Terminology (flex knee vs. flex leg)
General Anatomical Movement Terms
Abduction – lateral movement away from body
body midline
Plane:
Flexion – movement resulting in a decrease of
the joint angle
Plane:
Circumduction – circular movement.
Adduction – medial movement toward body
Midline
Plane:
Extension – movement resulting in an increase
of the joint angle
Plane:
Diagonal Abduction – movement of limb through
a diagonal plane away from body midline
Plane:
Plane:
Diagonal Adduction – movement of limb throu Internal Rotation – rotary movement around the
a diagonal plane toward or across body midline longitudinal axis of bone toward body midline
Plane:
Plane:
External Rotation – rotary movement around Hyperextension – extension movement beyond
longitudinal axis of bone away from midline
anatomical position
Plane:
Plane:
Anatomical Movement Terms Specific to the Ankle and Foot
Dorsiflexion – flexion movement of ankle.
Plantarflexion – extension movement of ankle.
Top of foot moving toward anterior tibia
Toes moving away from body
Plane:
Plane:
Eversion – foot movement turning sole of foot Inversion – foot movement turning sole of foot
outward
inward
Plane:
Plane:
Anatomical Movement Terms Specific to the Shoulder Girdle & Shoulder Joint
Depression – inferior movement of shoulder
Elevation – superior movement of shoulder
girdle (scapula)
girdle (scapula)
Plane:
Plane:
Protraction (Scapular Abduction) – lateral
Retraction (Scapular Adduction) - medial
movement of shoulder girdle away from spine movement of shoulder girdle toward spine
Plane:
Plane:
Upward Rotation – rotary movement of
Downward Rotation – rotary movement of
scapula (acromion process = superomedial)
scapula (acromion process = inferolateral)
Plane:
Plane:
Horizontal Abduction – shoulder movement of hHorizontal Adduction - shoulder movement of
humerus (90° abd.) away from body midline
humerus (90° abd.) toward body midline
Plane:
Plane:
Anatomical Movement Terms Specific to the Radiounlar Joint
Pronation – internal rotation of radius.
Supination – external rotation of radius.
Reference point turns in (palm down)
Reference point turn out (palm up)
Plane:
Plane:
Anatomical Movement Terms Specific to the Spine
Lateral Flexion – movement of neck and trunk Reduction – return on the spinal column to the
to side away from midline (side bending)
anatomical position
Plane:
Plane:
Rotation – right or left spinal rotation.
Plane:
Anatomical Movement Terms Specific to the Wrist and Hand
Extension – wrist movement with dorsal aspect Flexion – wrist movement with palmer aspect of
of hand moving toward posterior forearm
hand moving toward anterior forearm
Plane:
Plane:
Radial Deviation – wrist movement with thumb Ulnar Deviation – wrist movement with little
side of hand moving toward lateral forearm
finger side of hand moving toward medial forearm
Plane:
Plane:
Thumb Opposition – CMC diagonal movement of
Thumb Reposition – CMC diagonal movement of
across palm to make contact with fingers
thumb back to anatomical position from opposition
Plane:
Plane:
Long Abduction – CMC movement of thumb Short Abduction – CMC movement with thumb
moving away from hand in frontal plane
moving away from palm in saggital plane
Plane:
Plane:
Anatomical Movement Terms Specific to the Mandible
Protrusion – forward thrusting of jaw
Retrusion – movement of jaw back to anatomical
position from protrusion
Plane:
Plane:
Arthrokinematic Motion
In order for physiological movements to occur there must be movement between the actual articular
surfaces of the joint. This is known as arthrokinematic motion. There are three specific types:
 Roll (rock) – a series of points on one articular surface contacts with a series of points on another
articular surface

Glide (slide, translation) – a specific point on one articulating surface comes in contact with a
series of points on another surface

Spin – A single point on one articular surface rotates about a single point on another articular
surface.
Axial Skeleton - Bones & Bony Landmarks
Skull
1. Frontal
2. Parietal
3. Temporal
 Mastoid Process
4. Occipital
 External Occipital Protuberance
 Superior Nuchal Line
5. Sphenoid
6. Ethmoid
7. Maxilla
8. Palatine
9. Zygomatic
10. Lacrimal
11. Nasal
12. Nasal Conchae
13. Vomer
14. Mandible
Vertebral Column
General Structures
1. Body
2. Pedicle
3. Transverse Processes
4. Articular Processes
5. Lamina
6. Spinous Process
7. Vertebral Foreman
8. Intervertebral Foreman
Regional Structures
1. Cervical (7)
 Bifed Spinous Process
 Transverse Foreman
 Atlas
 Axis (Odontoid Process)
2. Thoracic (12)
 Superior & Inferior Costal Facets
 Transverse Costal Facet
3. Lumbar (5)
4. Sacral (5)
 Median Sacral Crest
 Sacral Canal
 Sacral Foramen
 Sacral Hiatus
 Superior Articular Facet
 Superior Sacral Notch
5. Coccyx (4)
Sternum & Rib Cage
Sternum
 Manubrium
 Clavicular Notch
 Jugular Notch
 Sternal Angle
 Body of Sternum
 Costal Notches
 Transverse Ridge
 Xiphoid Process
Ribs











True (7)
False (3)
Floating (2)
Head
- Articulating facet
Neck
Tubercle
- Articular part
- Nonarticular part
Superior Border
Inferior Border
Costal Groove
Shaft
Costal Angle
Appendicular Skeleton (Upper Extremity) - Bones & Bony Landmarks
1. Clavicle
4. Ulna
 Sternal End
 Olecranon Process
 Acromial End
 Coronoid Process
 Deltoid Tubercle
 Semilunar Notch
 Conoid Tubercle
 Radial Notch
 Trapezoid Line
 Ulnar Tuberosity
 Subclavian Groove
 Supinator Crest
 Supinator Fossa
2. Scapula
 Interosseous Crest
 Spine
 Head
 Acromion Process
 Styloid Process
 Supraspinous Fossa
5. Radius
 Infraspinous Fossa
 Subscapular Fossa
 Head
 Superior Border
 Neck
 Supra scapular Notch
 Radial Tuberosity
 Medial (vertebral) Border
 Ulnar Notch
 Lateral (axillary) Border
 Styloid Process
 Coracoid Process
6. Carpals
 Glenoid Fossa
 Scaphoid
 Supra Glenoid Tubercle
 Lunate
 Infra Glenoid Tubercle
 Triquetrum
 Superior Angle
 Pisiform
 Inferior Angle
 Trapezium
3. Humerus
 Trapezoid
 Head
 Capitate
 Anatomical Neck
 Hamate (Hook of Hamate)
 Greater Tubercle
7. Metacarpals
 Lesser Tubercle
 Base
 Intertubercular Groove (bicipital)
 Shaft
 Surgical Neck
 Head
 Deltoid Tuberosity
 Radial Groove
8. Phalanges
 Med & Lat Supracondylar Ridges
 Proximal
 Med. & Lat. Epicondyles
 Middle
 Capitulum
 Distal
 Trochlea
 Olecranon Fossa
 Coronoid Fossa
 Radial Fossa
Appendicular Skeleton (Lower Extremity) - Bones & Bony Landmarks
Pelvic Girdle (acetabulum, acetabular notch,
5. Patella
obturator foramen) Os Coxae (3 parts)
 Base
1. Ilium
 Apex
 Iliac crest
 Medial, Lateral & Proximal Borders
 Anterior Superior Iliac Spine
6. Tibia
 Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine
 Posterior Superior Iliac Spine
 Intercondyloid Eminence
 Posterior Inferior Iliac Spine
 Medial & Lateral Condyles (plateaus)
 Sacral Articulation
 Tibial Tuberosity
 Iliac Fossa
 Gerdy’s Tubercle
 Iliopectineal Eminance
 Soleal Line
 Greater Sciatic Notch
 Superior Fibular Articulation
 Auricular Surface
 Interosseous Border
 Iliac Tuberosity
 Anterior Border
 External Surface (Ant, Post, Inf Glut ln)
 Inferior Fibular Articulation
 Medial Malleolus
2. Ischium
 Talus Articulation
 Ischial Tuberosity
 Superior & Inferior Rami
7. Fibula
 Spine of the Ischium
 Head
 Lesser Sciatic Notch
 Styloid Process
 Lateral Malleolus
3. Pubis
 Talus Articulation
 Crest
 Interosseous Border
 Superior & Inferior Rami
 Anterior Border
 Pubic Symphysis (cartilage)
 Pubic Tubercle
8. Tarsals
 Calcaneus (calcaneal tuberosity,
4. Femur
sustentaculum tali, peroneal trochlea)
 Head (fovea capitus)
 Talus (body, neck, head)
 Neck
 Navicular (tuberosity)
 Greater & Lesser Trochanters
 Cuboid (peroneal groove)
 Intertrochanteric Line (anterior)
 Cuniform (1st, 2nd, 3rd)
 Intertrochanteric Crest (posterior)
9. Metatarsals
 Quadrate Tubercle
 Base (5th tuberosity)
 Gluteal Tuberosity
 Shaft
 Pectineal Line
 Head
 Linea Aspera (med. & lat. Lips)
 Adductor Tubercle
8. Phalanges
 Medial & Lateral Condyles
 Proximal
 Patellar Surface
 Middle
 Intercondyloid Fossa
 Distal
 Popliteal Surface