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SOCI 5013: Advanced Social Research The 1991 National Organizations Survey (NOS) Spring 2004 part of this set of lecture notes comes from presentation by Cynthia Kendall, Arthur Heether and Kohei Takahashi A NOS 1991 • For decades, sociologists have been studying workplace structures and resources allocations. • However, available empirical data from U.S. census bureau provide little knowledge of workplace information. Existing Dataset • Large national datasets such as CPS, SIPP, PSID all have workplace module, which collected information from workers’ perspective. • Lack of available dataset restricts organization researchers to using qualitative methods such as case studies, in-depth interviews to investigate a very limited number of organizations. NOS 1991 • The situation drastically changed when the 1991 National Organizations Survey (NOS) comes out in 1990s. • Indeed, the NOS 1991 is the most successful national organizations survey in American Sociology during the 20th century!! Principal Investigators (PI) • • • • Arne Kalleberg (Univ. of North Carolina) David Knoke (Univ. of Minnesota) Peter Marsden (Harvard University) Joe Spaeth (NORC, Univ. of Chicago) The Success • Publications from the 1991 GSS/NOS include at least 20 manuscripts in peer reviewed journals, several book chapters, a book. • Kalleberg, Knoke, Marsden, and Spaeth. 1996. Organizations in America: analyzing their structures and human resource practices Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications • The emergence of 1991 NOS changed the landscape of organization studies for Sociologists and Business Professors. Goals of NOS • To understand American organizations structuration such as bureaucracy and high performance organizations • Better understand complex organizations, and social stratification within organizations setting Goals of NOS • Understand better whether American organizations are operated as a atomic close systems, or open systems, • How the contextual factors in technical and non-technical aspects effect organizations in-practice Goals of NOS • Internal organizations structure and its pioneer researchers are Blau and Schoenherr (1971) about formalization, and Aston group 1969, who found tremendous variation among orgs in their differentiation, formalization, and decision centralization Goals of NOS • External technical influence with its pioneer researcher of Lawrence and Lorsch 1967, who found complexity and uncertainty are key dimensions to which organizations must adjust Institutionalization • Institutional theorists (Meyer and Rowan 1977; DiMaggio and Powell 1983) stated that non-technical aspects of institutionalization exerts external effects on organizational in-practice. Institutional Theory • Central concerns of old and new structualism is that individual socialeconomic outcomes not only result from individual attributes, but also consequences of supraindividual constructs such as classes, labor market sectors. Matched Dataset • A critical questions is how to collect data from establishment (organization) and individuals working in the establishments levels. • 1990 Lincoln and Kalleberg surveys of manufacturing plants and their employees in Indianapolis and Atsugi, Japan Matched Dataset • Bridges and Villemez 1994 studies modern HR practices in Chicago, Illinois area. • Tomaskovic-Devey 1993 studies of gender and racial segregation in establishments and workers in North Carolina. Methodology • Researchers encountered many difficulties and made great accomplishments in implementing the NOS 1991 design, which is detailed documented in Spaeth and O’Rourke (1994). Methodology • Many theoretical concerns in previous section requires cross-level data of both individuals and their workplaces. • Several levels of organization survey: work position, subunits, establishments/workplaces, firms Which one to Use • Establishment, defined as a workplace at a specific geographic location. • UARK credit union at the 6th street is an establishment, whereas UARK credit union is a firm Work Establishment • An establishment/workplace encompasses most employment, and managers are quite knowledgeable about their HR policies. • Some issues are pertinent to individuals, so the research design also encompasses questionnaire items for individual workers within establishments Sampling • Organization surveys have generalizability issue • Survey with fortune 500 gravitates toward large size establishments,. Findings from those survey cannot be readily generalized to represent many median and small size of American workplaces Generalizability • Findings from surveys within a certain industry such as informational technology, pharmaceutical industry cannot be generalized to other types of industries. But the trade off is that those surveys generally yield detailed background info. National Representatives • Many countries have a comprehensive rosters of employers, such as England, Norway, and Sweden. U.S. does not (the new Dun’s list have several major problems but was later improved). • Multiplicity and hyper-network sampling, in essence, this design ensures that random sampling of individuals necessarily yields a random samples of employers. NOS sample • Because large organizations are more likely to be selected due to this random sampling from individuals, this method equals PPS. • Consequently, NOS 1991 has a disproportional large size organizations. Cross-level • NOS 1991 is linked to GSS 1991. ICPSR contains both NOS and GSS 1991, one needs to download both dataset and carefully match up each case to form a combined dataset of NOS/GSS dataset, which is used in Yang’s (2003) paper examining structural (establishments) interactions with occupations (individuals) in affecting commitment (individuals). Implementations • 1991 General Social Survey (GSS) done by NORC • Individual survey produces information for 1,127 workplaces • Survey Research Laboratory (SRL) at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign completed 727 workplace interviews Informants • Head of personnel department • Functional equivalent personnel ACTIVITY N % N % ______________________________________________________________________________ TOTAL OCCUPATIONAL INFORMATION INITIALLY INADEQUATE INFORMATION 1, 427 100. 0% 371 26. 0% GSS Respondent Refusal Usable Unusable 172 6 166 100. 0% 3. 5% 96. 5% Missing Data on Name/Address Usable Ineligible Unusable 199 125 5 69 100. 0% 62. 8% 2. 5% 34. 7% 1, 056 996 54 6 100. 0% 94. 8% 3. 8% 0. 6% INITIALLY ADEQUATE INFORMATION 1, 056 74. 0% Initially Adequate Information Usable Ineligible Unusable TOTAL OUTCOMES Usable Ineligible Unusable 1, 427 1, 127 59 241 100. 0% 79. 0% 4. 1% 16. 9% Results of SRL Interview Attempts ______________________________________________________________________________ ACTIVITY N % N % ______________________________________________________________________________ TOTAL USABLE INFORMATION DUPLICATE EMPLOYERS 1, 127 100. 0% 60 5. 3% All Duplicates Refused Pending Completed 60 14 7 39 100. 0% 23. 3% 11. 7% 65. 0% TELEPHONE INTERVIEWS ONLY Refused, No Mail Pending, No Mail Completed by Telephone 633 54 18 561 100. 0% 5. 1% 1. 7% 52. 6% MAIL QUESTIONNAIRE Refused Pending Completed Mail Questionnaire 434 192 115 127 100. 0% 44. 2% 26. 5% 29. 3% SRL INTERVIEW ATTEMPTS TOTAL OUTCOMES Refusal Pending Completed 1, 067 1, 127 260 140 727 94. 7% 100. 0% 23. 1% 12. 4% 64. 5% Questionnaire Design • Core occupation: the job title for workers directly involved in core production or service delivery of work establishments • Core occupation for University of Arkansas • GSS occupation • Individual level data • Workplace level data Publications from the 1991 NOS • Organizational structure (Marsden et al., 1994), which investigates market scope, sector and union presence structural types • Absence of formalization (Bothner 1998) • High Performance Work Systems (HPWS) Characteristics (Kalleberg and Moody 1996) Publications • Large, manufacturing, unionized, multi-site workplaces and “post-Fordist” trends (Handel 1998) • Procedural due process (Kallenberg et al., 1996) • Public sector organizations (Sutton et al.,1994) Publications • Managerial gender integration (Reskin and McBrier 2000) • Job search process: difference in reliance on referrals (Marsden and Gorman 1998) • Job training (Knoke and Kalleberg 1994) Publications • Income and sex composition (Huffman and Velasco 1997). Main finding is 1% increase in percentage of women on job is associated with $180 reduction in annual earnings for core and managerial/administrative jobs • Non-monetary employee benefits (Knoke 1996) Publications • Kallenberg and Van Buren (1996) used a combined dataset, the 1991 GSS/NOS to reinvestigate work benefits including medical and dental coverage, life insurance, sick leave, maternity leave and pension plans Publications • Public sector and firm/internal labor market–Likelihood of promotion (Kalleberg and Van Buren 1996) • Sex differences in promotions (Kalleberg and Reskin 1995) • Other intrinsic rewards such as commitment to organizations (Kalleberg and Mastekaasa 1994, Yang 2003) Discussions • What objectives were the NOS research team unable to achieve and how did they restructure their design ?