Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Plagues of Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Joseph's Granaries wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Egyptian funerary practices wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Egyptian medicine wikipedia , lookup
Thebes, Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Egyptian race controversy wikipedia , lookup
Index of Egypt-related articles wikipedia , lookup
Egypt (Roman province) wikipedia , lookup
Middle Kingdom of Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Prehistoric Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Egypt Egypt’s Success THE NILE was considered the SOUL as it was the source of life and path to immortality Egyptians lived on Eastern side but buried on Western side River was symbol of passage of one life to next (eternity) Creation story began in swirling waters of the Nile when god Horus gave power to Pharaohs Ancient Egypt: Stability Ancient Egypt lasted for 3500 years due to factors in: Geography Politics Social structure Education Economy Religion = Stability was goal and change slow and cautious History Egypt was one of the longest lasting dynasties of the ancient time. It held many great accomplishments, including the pyramids. The biggest of which was built by King Khufu. It arose shortly after the decline of Mesopotamia State Division Egypt was divided into many different parts. First the north from the south, then the north was divided into the east and the west. But these were more what we consider “The maritimes” or “Out West” here in Canada. Egypt was divided into 42 smaller cities or regions with what were called nodes. Geography: Populated Areas There were three main areas that were populated in Egypt: 1. The Nile Valley sole source of water for Egypt Predictable flooding provided rich fertile soil Both revered and feared (too much flooding or droughts) 2. 3. The Nile Delta Area were Nile empties into Mediterranean Sea Largest piece of fertile land Encompassed major centres of Egypt Faiyum Lake Moeris lies at end of branch of Nile is centre of oasis called Faiyum Irrigation from Nile made Faiyum the third most populated land Geographic Effects on Egypt’s stability and history Fertile soil deserts provided protection and shelter from outside influences Access to Mediterranean increased and expanded trade and culture culture was one of stability and not rapid change Deserts were an important source of minerals and building supplies (copper, tin, gold and natron, the drying agent used in mummification) What determined Egypt’s economic prosperity? Wealth Agriculture made up most of Egypt’s wealth – grain, vegetables, fruit, cattle, goats, pigs and fowl Abundance and management of food supplies (not royal treasury) was the measure of Egypt’s wealth = full granaries, plenty of wildlife and fish, and thriving herds were the signs of prosperity. These were the images used in the tombs of the Pharaohs to illustrate the wealth of their reigns Economy Simple economy based on food production and minerals from desert access to the Mediterranean their routes extended trade as far as Northern Europe, subtropical Africa and the Near East Trading was done by bartering goods (grain, oil, wheat) Taxes, salaries and loans were all paid entirely on goods extensive trading made Egypt a powerful influence on culture, art, ideas and technology (ie. Western calendar was taken from the Romans who had borrowed it from the Egyptians) Trade eventually grew and expanded, bringing new ideas and goods into Egyptian society Political:Egyptian Pharaohs Egyptians were led by Pharaohs. They were priest-kings King Tut is the most famous Using computers, this image was reconstructed using his remains Pyramids These are the Giza pyramids, the most famous. Pyramids were tombs for the kings. These were built in 3500 B.C.E. How old are they? Mummies Egyptians who could afford to do so would have themselves mummified. They believed in a better afterlife if their body was preserved. The Egyptians took out all of the internal organs, except the heart. When they removed them the organs were put in canopic jars, that were put in the tomb with the mummy. They did not take out the heart because it was believed to be the intelligence and emotion of the person. The Egyptians thought the brain had no significant value, so they took it out through the nose. The body was packed and covered with natron (a salty drying agent). After this the body was left for 40-50 days. Domestic Life: Family In many families girls usually married at ages 12 to 15 A common couple were the ages of 12 to 30 There was no ceremony, the bride just moved in with the husband Siblings were not allowed to marry and you weren’t allowed to have more than one wife Divorce was very simple, all you had to do is say “I divorce you” Very few children lived beyond five years of age Role of Women Women were almost equal to men in every way in rights Women were allowed to be involved in businesses and land deals They were also allowed to get jobs, like providing entertainment in temples or ceremonies as singers, dancer, or acrobats Marriage There was no great ceremony for the Egyptian wedding. The women moved into the house, and bared the children of the husband. But was also given a dowry, as so if a divorce were to happen, the women would still be able to live. Girls were normally married off at the age of 1214. Men generally waited for their careers to develop and they became stable and successful. Surrounding Area Kebet Kebet located 7547 cubits north of Thebes Good place to pick up exotic goods Major cult centre for the deity Min It is a great starting point of expeditions to the gold mines or the Breccia mines in the eastern desert. It was also a starting point for trading or military missions across the Red Sea. It is not an unusual site to see soldiers carrying dismantled boats Pyramid of Khufu Is the largest pyramid in the Giza Plateau Consists of the main pyramid and three satellite pyramids It was 275 cubits high It was not possible to enter the pyramid 20 000 were hired to build the pyramid Blocks were made and transported form quarries The use of log systems and levis were used to transport and place the blocks Sphinx First monument of its kind in Egypt Displays the face of King Khafra Contains a deity of itself, the solar deity Horemakhet Is connected to the king and his divine power Other kings have added improvements, like open air chapel! Two colossal statues were built by Tuthmosis Menkheperure The Temples of Thebes The Temple at Karnak The Karnak temple is located on the east bank of the Nile river. It ‘s the second largest temple complex in Egypt. Only the high priest has access to the high chamber. The temple is dedicated to the deity Amen. The ear chapel is the only place that regular folk can enter. It has giant ears carved into the walls that people whisper their desires into. Valley of the kings It is also known as the “Great Noble Necropolis of Millions of Years of the Kings”. It is the burial place for over 60 kings. It also contains 50 tombs that all follow a similar pattern It is located on the west bank of the Nile The deity Meretsega meaning “She Who Loves Silence” supposedly protects the valley There are many halls found in the structure. An example is The Hall of Hindering. This hall is a deep well chamber that acts as a deterrent to grave robbers; it also serves as being a symbolic burial of Osiris. The Temple of Luxor This structure is known locally as Amenemopet which means Amun of Opet. This temple is smaller than the one at Karnak, but no less impressive, though these two are connected by one ceremonial way. The pylon at the temple is decorated with battle scenes. These act as a warning to anyone who plans to harm the Egyptians or the temple itself. Entertainment Festivals Religious festivals included a procession through the streets with a statue of the god or goddess. Offerings of gold and booty were offered to the god and then evenly distributed amongst the people. The festival of drunkenness is the 5 day festival which included excessive consumption of beer and wine which people thought let them communicate with the gods. Sports Faiyum, and the river Nile were popular destinations for competing in water sports such as swimming, fishing and fowling, though be wary of crocodiles in the Nile. As per land sports, wrestling were a favorite, it was done naked with an optional belt for gripping and generally had no rules. Other popular sports included stick fighting, running and jumping Chariot Racing was also a favorite of the Egyptians though it was very dangerous, BUT A GOOD SHOW! 5000 BC This was the time where people first started to settle along the Nile. 3110-2884 BC: King Menes Unites Egypt King Menes was the first king to unite Egypt. He wore a red and white crown symbolizing the unity of upper and lower Egypt. This was also the beginning of the Old Kingdom. 2686-2648 BC: Step Pyramid is Built During the rule of king Djoser the first pyramid design was created at Saqqara. This pyramid was a step pyramid. 2649-2150 BC: Old Kingdom The Old Kingdom was the very beginning of the great Egyptian civiliazation. Many trade routes were established, and monuments were built including the Pyramids of Giza. Map of Egypt during Old Kindom 2550-2490 BC: The Pyramids of Giza are Built The three kings, Khufu, Khephren, and Menkare constructed the Great Pyramids of Giza. 2150-2135 BC: Old Kingdom Collapses The Old Kingdom’s political systems begin to collapse. There is civil disorder, famine, and a high death rate. 2135-1986 BC: Egypt Splits Egypt is split into northern and southern Egypt. The north is ruled from the city Herakleopolis, and the south is ruled from the city Thebes. 2134-2000 BC: Egypt is Reunited Egypt is once again reunited under the rule of Mentuhotep the 2nd. The capital is moved to Thebes Mentuhotep the 2nd 1991-1700 BC: Middle Kingdom At this time Egypt had just come out of 150 years of anarchy. Egypt once again began to flourish and expand its trade and economy. 1937-1756 BC Egyptian capital is moved to Memphis by Amenemhet. Later Egypt is divided into 4 regions by Sesostris the 2nd. 1877-1870 BC: Irrigation in the Faiyum Irrigations schemes were now put in place at the Faiyum. This would greatly improve agriculture and probvied an abundance of food. 1700 BC: Earliest evidence of medicine With the creation of medicine Egypt was able to heal many that were sick. It also opened up new opportunities for trade. 1550-1070 BC: The New Kingdom The New kingdom was a real time of change for Egypt. Many great rulers would rule during this time period. Also trade and territory would greatly improve. 1560 BC: War against the Hyksos War between the Asiatic rulers and Thebes had broken out. The Hyksos had invaded Egypt and ruled it for about 150 years. 1539-1295 BC: Egypt’s Great Rulers During these year Ahmose had driven the Hyksos out of Egypt. This led to a number of great rulers, such as: Hatshepsut and Tuthmosis the 3rd Amenhotep the 4th Tutankhamen 1470 BC: Hatshepsut’s Reign Hatshepsut increased Egypt's economy immensely when she was Pharaoh. She ordered trading expeditions to the far south where she obtained rare goods. 1450 BC: Tuthmosis the 3rd’s Reign While Tuthmosis was in reign he expanded Egypt’s boarders greatly, especially to the south where there were many resources. 1367 - 1350 BC: Reign of Amenhotep the 4th During Menhotep’s Reign he revolutionized Egypt’s religious views. He had turned Egypt’s polytheistic society to a monotheistic society. 1336-1350 BC: Tutankhamen's Reign At only ten years old Tutankhamen came into reign. Though he only had a short rule he reversed Amenhotep’s monotheistic cult. After his death by a blow to the head (a seemingly homicide) the Egyptian civilization began its slow crumble.