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Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS definition terms main families Important Families of Parasitoids HYMENOPTERA 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Scelionidae Encyrtidae Pteromalidae Braconidae Chalcididae Aphelinidae Eulophidae 8. Trichogrammatidae 9. Mymaridae 10. Ichneumonidae 11. Aphidiidae DIPTERA 1. Tachinidae 2. Phoridae #1 HYMENOPTERA Scelionidae All eggs parasitoids Here, a Telenomus species attacking cassava hornworm egg #2 HYMENOPTERA Encrytidae Attack mealybugs and many others groups. Epidinocarsis diversicornis host feeding on cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus herreni Encrytidae Comperia merceti, a specialized parasitoid of brown banded cockroach egg cases See use of antennae to investigate chemicals on surface of ooethecae Encyrtidae Tetrastichus julii, an introduced parasitoid of cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus See ovipositor being inserted # 3 HYMENOPTERA Pteromalidae Parasitoids of many groups, including pupae, larvae of muscoid flies Sphegigaster sp. # 4 HYMENTOPERA Braconidae Parasitoids of aphids, caterpillars, and for one subfamily, the Euphorinae, adult insects; here, the euphorine Microctonus aethiopoides attacks an adult alfalfa weevil. Note the point of oviposition Gregarious parasitoids Larvae of a gregarious braconid parasitoid emerging from a host Solitary parasitoids (one progeny per host) The braconid Cotesia rubecula The ichneumonid Diadema insularis inside net bag of host #5 HYMENOPTERA Family feature is greatly enlarged hind femur Chalcididae Hyperparasitism attack of one parasitoid on another. Here, Conura torvina oviposits into larvae of Costesia rubecula inside its cocoon. Chalcididae Brachymeria intermedia attacks a gypsy moth. This is a pupal parasitoid, an internal parasitoid and an idiobiont See enlarged femur #6 HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae. Hypera postica, the alfalfa weevil, an invasive insect from Europe Host Feeding- Coccobius sp. female kills a host (CA red scale, Aonidiella aurantii) and drinks it fluids as a protein source. Host Feeding After ovipositor insertion, the scale bleeds hemolymph Host Feeding-Lunch is served, the female turns and drinks the host fluid from the scale Hypera postica, the alfalfa weevil, an invasive insect from Europe Aphelinidae Encarsia formosa, a whitefly parasitoid #7 HYMENOPTERA Eulophidae Sympiesis marylandensis, a native parasitoid of the apple blotch leafminer (Phyllonorycter crataegella) Host feeding– a killed larva of a Phyllonorycter leafmining gracillariid moth killed by the eulophid Sympiesis marylandensis See dried host fluid bonding larva to upper skin of leaf mine (opened for photo) Polyembryony- when one egg shakes apart into hundreds of clones and each develops as a separate, genetically identical larva. mud dabber pupae parasitized by a chalcid Two styles of parasitoids Idiobionts Koinobionts • attack eggs, pupae or • permit their hosts to adults, which cannot continue to grow after grow oviposition, increasing the resource for • Also, external parasitoids, progeny as these kill their hosts • Internal pupal and adult • Larval and nymphal parasitoids parasitoids face immune counterattack, but • Must defeat host external parasitoids and immune system egg parasitoids do not. Koinobionts- larval or nymphal internal parasitoids See the white larva inside caterpillar Pieris rapae larvae. The left one is parasitizied by an internal parasitoid, Cotesia rubecula. External parasitoids (here, the eulophid Sympiesis marylandensis on Phyllonorycter crataegella) are idiobionts, but so are egg, pupal, and adult internal parasitoids Leafminer caterpillar Parasitoid larva Encapsulation Some Epidinocarsis diversicornis eggs are encapsulated by its host mealybug Phenacoccus herreni Dark bodies in host are encapsulated parasitoid eggs See use of antennae to investigate the host #8 HYMENOPTERA Trichogrammatidae Trichogramma minutum examining the eggs of spruce budworm #9 HYMENOPTERA Mymaridae Anaphes flavipes, a parasitoid of cereal leaf beetle Note hairy wings, characteristics of many groups of minute insects # 10 HYMENOPTERA Ichneumonidae Campoplex frustrana, a parasitoid of Nantucket pine tip moth Hypera postica, the alfalfa weevil, an invasive insect from Europe Ichneumonidae Diadegma insulare, a parasitoid of larvae of diamondback moth Hypera postica, the alfalfa weevil, an invasive insect from Europe Braconidae Cotesia melanoscela, a parasitoid of gypsy moth larvae Hypera postica, the alfalfa weevil, an invasive insect from Europe Braconidae Cocoon of Cotesia melanoscela, a parasitoid of gypsy moth larvae Hypera postica, the alfalfa weevil, an invasive insect from Europe # 11 HYMENOPTERA Aphidiidae A group of braconids specialized as aphid parasitoids. See the distinctive braconid oviposition stance. Hypera postica, the alfalfa weevil, an invasive insect from Europe Aphidiidae Aphid parasitoids turn aphids into mummies. Upon emergence, mummies remain with distinctive parasitoid emergence holes Chrysididae- social parasitoids of bee brood. Note the iridescence and heavily sculptured armor. They can roll up in a defensive ball when attacked in a bees’ nest Hypera postica, the alfalfa weevil, an invasive insect from Europe Tiphiididae-parasitoids of scaraebiid larvae in soil Hypera postica, the alfalfa weevil, an invasive insect from Europe #1 DIPTERA Tachinidae A large family of all parasitoids. Here, a species of Myopharus investigating a Colorado potato beetle larva Visual hunters, tachinids respond to prey movement Tachinidae-some lay large external eggs (here on tent caterpillar); others scatter small eggs on foliage; others larvaposit egg Tachinidae-fly larva emerged from a gypsy moth pupa Puparia of tachinid # 2 DIPTERA Phoridae- flies that attack ants Phoridae- flies attack foraging ants, disrupting food collection Phoridae- flies oviposit in the head of worker ants Phoridae-as parasitoid larvae mature, the ant head comes off Phoridae-larvae develop, pupate and emerge from the separated head, hence the name “decapitating flies” Predator Orders/families 1. Dermaptera 2. Thysanoptera 3. Hemiptera (Anthocoridiae, Miridae, Nabidae, Lygaeidae, Pentatomidae) 4. Neuroptera (Chrysoptera, Conopterigidae) 5. Coleoptera (Coccinellidae, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Histeridae, Cleridae) 6. Diptera (Cecidomyiidae, Syrphidae) 7. Hymenoptera (Formicidae) 8. Acari (Phytoseiidae, other mite familes) 9. Aranae (spiders-many families) 10. Snails 11. Vertebrates Order #1 Dermaptera (earwigs) Minor predators of various soft bodied insects Order #2 Thysanoptera (thrips) A mostly herbivorous order with some predaceous groups Order #3 Hemiptera (true bugs +Homoptera) Family Anthocoridae (minute pirate bugs) Important predators of thrips and other pests in field crops and greenhouses Orius bugs, nymphs on left, adult on right Hemiptera: Anthocoridae: Orius nymph feeding on an aphid Hemiptera: Miridae: predaceous plant bug feeding on an lacebug Hemiptera: Nabidae: feeding on aphid (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) big-eyed bug (Geocoris) feeding on whitefly Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Podisus sp., stinkbug feeding on larva of Colorado potato beetle Order #4 Neuroptera: Chrysopidae Chrysoperla larvae eating an aphid Green lacewing eggs are supported on stocks to reduced egg consumption by early hatching larvae Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae Brown lacewings are smaller but with similar habits to green lacewings, except that they are found in wooded areas. Order #5 Coleoptera (beetles) Family Coccinellidae (Ladybird beetles) A large family (ca 700 species in North America) with predacious adults and larvae, usually either of interest in relation to aphids or scales as target pests Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: ladybird beetle larvae and aphids Coleoptera: Carabidae: ground beetle adults and larvae are usually generalist ground-dwelling predators Coleoptera: Carabidae: larvae are also predaceous Note wings do not cover abdomen Coleoptera: Staphylinidae another family of ground dwelling generalist predators Coleoptera: Histeridae: Teretrius nigrescens (left), released in Africa for control of larger grain borer, Prostephanus truncatus (right) Coleoptera: Cleridae: predators of bark beetle larvae Note scale patterns on elytra. Don’t confuse with Dermestidae Order #6 Diptera Family Cecidomyiidae: predaceous midge adult (larvae only are predators, or aphids and mites) Diptera: Cecidomyiidae predaceous midge larvae with aphid prey Diptera: Syrphidae Larvae are predaceous, mostly on aphid prey Diptera: Syphidae Egg of syphid fly Diptera: Syrphidae Larvae are predaceous, mostly on aphid prey Order #7 Hymenoptera Formicidae (ants)Ants are numerous as species and individuals, forage aggressively and many are predaceous Hymenoptera: Vespidae Wasps, hornets, yellow jackets forage for prey to feed their young. Some are social, others are solitary but may nest in aggregations Group #8 Acari (mites) Family Phytoseiidae. Predaceous mites are predaceous. (here, Amblyseius sp.) are important for mite control. Group #9 Snails Some snails are predators of herbivorous snails, but many are generalist and may be dangerous to move more to new areas, as attack many occur on nontarget native snails. Here, the snail Rumina decollata attacks the brown garden snail, Helix aspersa, in California Group #10 Spiders Spiders are generalists, selecting prey by size and habitat Group #11 Vertebrates(bird, mammals, fish, reptiles, amphibians) No vertebrates should be introduced to areas outside their historical range, as non target impacts are likely due to flexible feeding behavior. Some species, such as this BARN OWL may be usefully conserved by habitat or nest box manipulation to increase predation locally where desired