Download The Skeletal System

The Skeletal
System
HLTAP401A – Confirm
Physical Health
Status
Hamish Darby
http://www.flickr.com/photos/monsieurlui/214823354/
Essential Knowledge and Skills
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Structure & physiology
Common disorders, problems and complaints
Impacting external and internal factors
key factors necessary for healthy functioning
Nursing questions for asessment
Functions Of The Skeletal System
Support
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Protection
Movement
Diploma of Enrolled Nursing
Storage
Blood cell
production
7/09/2012
Types of Osseous Tissue
• There are 206 named bones in the skeleton and
2 basic types of osseous tissue.
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone (cancellous)
Five Principal Types of Bones
• Classified according to shape
▫ Long
▫ Flat
▫ Irregular
▫ Short
▫ Sesamoid
Components of a Long Bone Include
Microscopic Anatomy of Compact Bone
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Transverse_Section_Of_Bone.png
Bone Formation and Growth
• Skeleton is formed from cartilage and bone
• In embryos, skeleton primarily hyaline cartilage
• As a child, most cartilage is replaced by bone
• This process of bone formation is called
ossification
Bone Formation and Growth
• Bone is laid over hyaline cartilage by
osteoblasts
• Long bone growth is controlled by hormones
– usually ends during adolescence
• Bones are remodelled continuously (calcium,
gravity, muscles)
• Osteoclasts are involved in the breaking down
of bone
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Factors Affecting Bone Growth & Maintenance
External
• Nutrition
• Weight bearing
exercise
• Gravitational force
• Functional force
• Calcium
Internal
• Heredity
• Hormones
• Gender
• Age
DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETON
Type title here
AXIAL
forms the longitudinal axis
of the body.
skull, vertebral column & bony thorax
APPENDICULAR
Comprised of the bones of the
limb, pectoral & pelvic girdles
Axial Skeleton
Bones of the Cranium
13
Diploma of Enrolled Nursing
7/09/2012
wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Appendicular_skeleton_diagram.svg
wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Axial_skeleton_diagram.svg
Facial Bones
The Vertebral Column
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Extends from the skull to the pelvis
26 irregular bones
Protection for the spinal cord
Separated by intervertebral discs
S-shaped structure
Primary & secondary curvatures
Vertebrae
• Composed of:
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A body
Vertebral arch
.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Atlas_vertebrae.jpg
Vertebral foramen
Transverse process
Spinous process
Superior and inferior articular processes
Cervical Vertebrae
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.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Axis_vertebrae.jpg
Atlas Axis
C1-C7
First 2 vertebrae are different r/t function
Cervical vertebrae are the smallest
Transverse processes contain foramina
Thoracic Vertebrae
wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thoracic_vertebrae.jpg
• 12
• Larger than cervical vertebrae
• Body heart shaped & spinous processes long
Lumbar Vertebrae
•5
• Big, block-like bodies
• Short spinous processes
wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lumbar_vertebrae.jpg
Sacrum & Coccyx
Sacrum
• 5 fused vertebrae
• Forms posterior wall of pelvis
• Contains a sacral canal
Coccyx
• 4 fused vertebrae ( 3-5)
• Remnant of the tail
Bony Thorax
• Comprised of the ribs, sternum & thoracic
vertebrae
Sternum
• Flat bone
• Fusion of 3 bones
• Attached to the first 7 ribs
Ribs
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12 pairs
Articulate with the vertebral column posteriorly
First 7 ribs attach to the sternum – true
Next 5 pairs attach indirectly to the sternum or
not at all – false
• Last 2 ribs lack sternal attachment – floating
• Space between the ribs – intercostal spaces
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The Appendicular Skeleton
Diploma of Enrolled
Nursing
7/09/2012
• Comprised of the bones of the limbs, pectoral &
pelvic girdles
Pectoral girdle
• Consists of the clavicle & scapula
• Acts as a brace
• Scapula has 3 angles, lateral angle houses the
glenoid cavity
• Shoulder girdle is light & allows free movement
to the upper limb
Glenoid cavity / rotator cuff
Bones of the Upper Limbs
• 30 bones form each upper limb
Arm
• Formed by the humerus
• Has fossa to allow the ulna to move freely when
the elbow is bent
Forearm
• Contains the radius & ulna
• Radius is the lateral bone in anatomical
position
• Contains processes that articulates with the
humerus
Hand
• Carpals – wrist
• Metacarpals – palm
• Phalanges - fingers
Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
• 2 coxal bones + sacrum & coccyx = bony
pelvis
• Weight bearing is the most important
function of the girdle
• Each hip bone (coxal) is formed by the fusion
of the ilium, ischium & pubis bones
33
Diploma of Enrolled Nursing
7/09/2012
1. Right ilium
2. Sacrum
3. Sacroiliac joint
4. Left ilium
5. Coccyx
6. Pubis
7. Ischium
8. Pubic symphysis
9. Femoral/hip joint
Male vs Female Pelvis
Female
• Inlet larger, more circular
• Pelvis shallower, bones lighter & thinner
• Ilia more laterally flared
• Sacrum shorter & less curved
• Ischial spines shorter & farther apart
• Pubic arch more rounded, angle greater
Male and Female
Bones of the Lower Limbs
Thigh
• Femur
• Head of femur articulates with the
acetabulum
• Femur slants medially as it descends to join
the lower leg
• Contains condyles
Lower leg
• Tibia & fibula
• Tibia larger & more
medial
• Contains medial
malleolus &
anterior crest
• Fibula thin &
sticklike
• Contains lateral
malleolus
Foot
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Tarsals – posterior half of the foot
Metatarsals – sole
Phalanges – toes
Contains arches – medial longitudinal, lateral
longitudinal & transverse
Joints
• Also called articulations
• 2 functions
▫ Hold bones together
▫ Give mobility
• Joints are classified by function & structure
• Function focuses on amount of movement
allowed by the joint
Functional Classifications of Joints
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Diploma of Enrolled Nursing
7/09/2012
Structural Classification of Joints
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Diploma of Enrolled Nursing
7/09/2012
Synovial Joints
• fluid filled cavity
• permits free movement
• All synovial joints are
diarthroses
Characteristics of Synovial Joints
• Articular cartilage
• Synovial (joint) cavity
• Articular capsule
• Synovial fluid
• Reinforcing ligaments
Movements allowed by Synovial Joints
• Gliding
• Angular
• Rotation
• Special movements
Common Disorders Fractures
▫ Causes
▫ Classifications
▫ Assessment/Diagnosis
 Related to inflammation
▫ Management
▫ Complications
Common problem Osteoarthritis
• Bone re-modelling with age
• Joint degeneration
• Inflammation – immobility, pain,redness,
swelling
Key factors for healthy bones
• Calcium
• Exersize
• Safety
Drugs of the week
Diazepam (valium)
~pam sedation
Paracetomol (Panadol)
analgesia
Next Session
• Read Agosta & Pakiam
• Refer to physiology texts for further reading
• Visit moodle site and respond to quiz