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Name:____________________________
Period:______
Ch. 8 From DNA to Proteins
8.1 Discovery of DNA (NOS.9 Recognize that new scientific discoveries often lead to a re-evaluation of
previously accepted scientific knowledge and of commonly held ideas.)
1. Describe Griffith’s experiment?
Experiment
Heat-killed S strain injected in mouse
Live S strain injected in mouse
Live R and Heat Killed S injected in mouse
Live R strain injected in mouse.
Result
2. Distinguish between S and R strain of Streptococcus pneumonia.
S
R
3. What did Griffith conclude from his experiment using the S and R strain?
4. Did Griffith determine what the transforming material was? Yes or No (circle one)
5. What was Oswald Avery’s experiment and what did he discover?
6. What type of virus did Hershey and Chase use in their experiment?__________________
7. Complete the Data for Hershey and Chase’s experiment. 2 pts.
Experiment
Phage with radioactive DNA infects bacteria
Phage with radioactive protein infects bacteria
Result
8. Why did Hershey and Chase use radioactive labels?
9. What did Hershey and Chase conclude?
8.2 DNA Structure (B.5.1 Describe the relationship between chromosomes and DNA along with their basic
structure and function.)
1. A ________________ consists of _______ tightly coiled around ______.
2. What does DNA stand for?
3. Who first pieced together a model of DNA in 1953?
4. What is the shape of DNA?
5. Nucleic acids include _____ and _____. Each are made up of __________________.
6. Nucleotides consist of a ___________________, ___________________, and _____________________.
7. What makes up the backbone of DNA?
8. What are the 4 nitrogen bases that make up the “rungs of the ladder”?
9. What is the base pairing rule for DNA?
10. What kind of bonds hold the N bases together? __________________ Are they weak or strong?
_________
8.3 DNA Replication (B.7.4 Explain the process by which a cell copies DNA.)
1. The process of making a copy of DNA is called __________________________.
2. Outline the steps of replicating DNA.
1.
2.
3.
3. The sequence of the bases on one strand of a DNA molecule is AGTGATCCC. After replication of the strand of
DNA, what is the sequence of N bases on the complementary strand?
4. DNA replication is semi-conservative. What does this mean?
8.4 Transcription (B.5.2 Describe how hereditary information passed from parents to offspring is encoded
in the regions of DNA molecules called genes.)
1. The vast amount of information encoded in _______ is organized into units called ________.
2. A _______ is a segment of DNA that codes for a protein. Proteins are your _____________. So, genes play an
important role in determining how a person’s body develops and functions.
(B. 5.3 Describe the process by which DNA direction the production of protein in a cell.)
3. What are monomers of proteins?___________________ How many are there?______
4. A single molecule of DNA has _________________ of genes lined up like train cars.
5. What are the 2 processed for protein synthesis. Describe each.
1.
2.
6. Fill in the chart for the differences between DNA and RNA
DNA
RNA
7. What are the 3 types of RNA? Describe each.
1.
2.
3.
8. Where does transcription take place? Outline the steps.
1.
2.
9. Given the DNA sequence ATGCTTAGCATA, transcribe it into RNA.
10. The series of 3- nucleotide base sequence found on mRNA are called _______________. These carry
the _________ for what ____________ _____________ will be brought in by a ___________ to make the
protein.
11. How many possible codons are there? __________. This suggests that each ____________
____________ can have more than one ___________ .
12. ____________________ have various effects on the amino acid sequence that determines the proteins
_______________ and ________________. Why would a mutation that causes the codons in mRNA to go
from UUU to UUC be considered a “silent” mutation? (Use codon chart).
.
13. All living things are made of ______, and all living things use the same ________ that code for the same
__________ _________. Suggesting that all organisms share an ________________ _______________.
8.5 Translation (B. 5.3 Describe the process by which DNA direction the production of protein in a cell.)
1. Translation involves using the _______ made during transcription and using it to make a
_______________. Proteins have many functions, including acting as ________________, and cell
membrane channels.
2. Where are the proteins made? ______________Outline the steps of translation.
1.
2.
3.
4.
4. Given the following mRNA sequence, write the anticodons carried by the tRNA and what amino acids
are carried by them.
AUCGAGCCGCCC
3. The entire process by which proteins are made based on the information encoded in DNA is called
________
__________________, or protein synthesis.
8.6 Gene Regulation ( B.6.2 Understand that most cells of a mutlicellular organism contain the same
genes, but develop from a single cell (eg. A fertilized egg) in different ways due to differential gene
expression.)
1. ____________________ cells turn genes on and off by controlling _____________________.
2. Diagram a typical prokaryotic gene showing the promoter, operon, and operator.
3. Where does the repressor bind? _____________ (draw on gene)
4. When a gene is being transcribed, where does RNA polymerase hop on? ____________ Draw on gene.
5. If the repressor is on the gene, the gene is ________, because there are no enzymes to be make because
there are no ______________ present to break down.
6. If a gene is _____, there are substrates present, so the gene is making ____________ (enzymes.)
4. Eukaryotic cells regulate gene expression at ____________ points.
5. In eukaryotic cells, genes have a specific ______________ of regulatory DNA sequences, that help cells
carry out _________________ jobs, as the genes are turned ________ and ______ by a unique set of
proteins for each cell.
6. When mRNA is processed, the ______________ are the coding regions of DNA and the _________ are
removed because they do not code for anything. Only ______ % of genes code for traits.
7. If there is a mutation is an exon, what is the affect on the c ell?
8.7 Mutations (B.7.5 Explain and demonstrate how inserting, substituting, or deleting segments of a
DNA molecule can alter a gene, which is then passed to every cell that develops from it and that the results
may be beneficial, harmful or have little or no effect on the organism.)
1. A ________________ is a change in an organisms _______.
2. Mutations in ___________ can be passed on to offspring of the affected individual, but mutations in
___________ cells affect ONLY the individual the occur in.
3. Mutations that change a gene are called ________ alterations. They usually result in the placement of
the wrong ______ _ ___________ during protein assembly. This error will disrupt protein’s
_________________.
4.What are 2 types of gene mutations (alterations)?
5. Which would cause a bigger change in the protein structure? Why?
6. What type of mutation is illustrated?
Original DNA: TTGACTCGGTATAC
Mutant:
TTGACTCGTATAC
Mutant:
TTCGACTCGGTATAC
Mutant
TTGACTCGGTAAAC
7. A ___________________ mutation involves the actual ______________. Four examples are: