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Edited by Mr. Barkhau Shamelessly stolen from http://conaapwh.weebly.com/classpowerpoints.html Fertile Crescent = moon-shaped strip of land from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf that is excellent farm land Located in modern-day Middle East Mesopotamia = located within the Fertile Crescent, between the Tigris & Euphrates Rivers Rivers were NOT a reliable source of water (unlike the Nile) Ran dry in summer; flooded in spring Villages joined together to build dams, canals, and ditches People from Asia arrived in Mesopotamia Formed 12 city-states = the city and the land surrounding it Considered the world’s 1st cities Created ziggurats = stepped pyramids with a temple at the top Sumerians shared common culture, language, and religion City-states governed themselves Were theocracies = kings served as both government leaders AND high priests Laws regulated the roles of women & men men had far more rights Cuneiform = Sumerian system of writing The symbols represented complex ideas Scribes were trained to read & write documents and stories Epic of Gilgamesh = oldest story in the world Practiced polytheism = belief in more than one god Each city-state had its own god Negative outlook on life and the afterlife Believed gods were selfish and had no regard for humans 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Wagon Wheel Arch Potter’s Wheel Sundial 12-month Calendar Metal Plow Empire under Sargon I Kingdom was called Akkad Conquered & united all of the Sumerian citystates Empire fell apart after his & his grandson’s death Ruled by Hammurabi Strict Code of Laws = Hammurabi’s greatest achievement Rules and consequences that addressed daily life Law code covered entire region of Mesopotamia “Eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth” type of laws Government assumed the responsibility of protecting its citizens People now had laws to protect their rights & didn’t need to resort to violence Social classes were similar to the Egyptians, but they had far more slaves Hammurabi’s empire fell apart after his death Civilizations of Egypt & Mesopotamia greatly influenced neighboring people in the Fertile Crescent = the Aramaeans and the Phoenicians Trading peoples Traveled by sailing ships & by caravan Spread languages, customs, and ideas as they traded around the Fertile Crescent Settled in central Assyria around 1200 BCE Capital = Damascus Gained control over the trade between Egypt and Mesopotamia Because their caravans crisscrossed the Fertile Crescent nonstop, people learned their language called Aramaic Main language of the region until the 800s Closely related to Hebrew and Arabic Many parts of the Bible were written in this language Canaan = land between ancient Egypt and Syria Canaan = modern day Israel, Lebanon, and Jordan Phoenicians settled in northern Canaan Sailed the seas for trade Made strong, fast ships using timber in cedar forests Built a string of towns & cities along their coast Grew to become city-states Built confederation (loose union) of city-states Expert navigators Plotted voyages using the sun & stars Took charge of Mediterranean shipping and trade Created an alphabet = series of written symbols that represent sounds Only 22 characters Each character represented different consonant sound Basis for our alphabet we use today To protect & re-supply their ships, the Phoenicians set up a network of trading posts and colonies along the coasts of the Mediterranean Colony = settlement of emigrants Lived in Asia Minor This area famous for its gold deposits First group to develop a monetary system with set prices using coins Everybody else still bartering = exchanging goods Soon the concept of money traveled to other societies One of the world’s first civilizations developed along the banks of the Nile In northeastern Africa Nile = world’s longest river People of the Nile relied on the river’s yearly floods to bring them water Green Nile Valley = stark contrast to deserts surrounding it on either side Rich black soil in Valley = good for farming 5000 BCE = farmers began to settle down in the Valley Grew cereal crops (wheat, barley) Hunted ducks & geese; fished Early Egyptians harvested papyrus Used for rope, sandals, baskets, and paper Early farming villages prospered --> WHY?? Because they were protected from foreign invasions by deserts and cataracts (waterfalls) in the Nile Strong leaders united the farming villages into kingdoms or monarchies ruled by a king By 4000 BCE, Egypt had 2 large kingdoms Lower Egypt (in the north) Upper Egypt (in the south) 3000 BCE = Narmer (king of Upper Egypt) attacked Lower Egypt and united the 2 ▪ Capital = Memphis ▪ 1st of the Egyptian dynasties ▪ Egyptian dynasties divided into 3 periods: Old, Middle, New People saw their kings as gods Called a theocracy = same person is the political AND religious leader King gave many responsibilities to a bureaucracy = groups of government officials King controlled trade & taxes King supervised building of canals, dams, grain storehouses Egyptians built pyramids as burial places for their kings Great Pyramids in Giza King’s bodies were mummified for preservation Old Kingdom ended with violence & a new dynasty reunited Egypt Capital moved to Thebes Theben kings = seized new territory & added thousands of acres to their civilization Built canals and irrigation systems Local leaders began to challenge the kings’ power, which threatened peace At same time = 1st real threat to Egypt = invasion by Hyksos (people from western Asia) Hyksos swept through with new tools for war --> bronze weapons & horse-drawn chariots Easily conquered the Egyptians & set up a new dynasty (for about 110 years) Egyptian prince named Ahmose raised an army & drove the Hyksos out Ahmose & those that came after him used the title pharaoh Rebuilt Egypt & conquered more land 1480 BCE = Queen Hatshepsut came to power in Egypt = 1st female pharaoh After her death, her stepson Thutmose III took over Thutmose III created an army, conquered neighboring Syria, and expanded the Egyptian empire Empire = many territories under one ruler Egyptian empire grew rich & benefited from cultural diffusion 1370 BCE = ruler named Amenhotep = created new religion with just 1 god Changed his named to Akhenaton = “spirit of Aton” Aton = sun-disk god = only 1 to be worshipped Controversial, so after his death the priests went back to old religion King Tut took over for him 1200s BCE = Ramses II (Ramses the Great) Built large statues of himself, temples, and tombs After his death, Egypt weakened under attacks from invaders & was taken over by foreigners Upper class = kings, nobles, priests Middle class = artisans, scribes, merchants Lower class (majority of Egyptians) = farmers, poor Lowest of the low = slaves In cities & upper class = husband, wife, children Outside the city & poor families = also included grandparents & other relatives In the beginning = property of their husbands By the time of the Egyptian Empire = they could own property and divorce their husbands; had more rights The ankh = symbol of life Very important to early Egyptians Polytheistic = believed in more than one god Gods were often half human, half animal Believed in an afterlife – burial rituals reflect this Ra = Sun God Osiris = God of the Dead King of the Gods Horus = Son of Iris & Osiris Anubis = God of Embalming Iris = Queen of the Goddesses Used hieroglyphics (picture symbols) for writing Few people could read or write Language remained a mystery until discovery of the Rosetta Stone in 1799 (Greek writing matched the hieroglyphs on the Stone) Developed a number system Used geometry to calculate volume and area Created a 365-day calendar Developed medical expertise used splints, bandages, etc. 3rd civilization on the rise = Indus River Valley in South Asia Arose on the subcontinent of Asia = landmass that is part of a continent but is distinct from it 3 modern nations there today = India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh Mountains separate it from the rest of Asia = Himalayas & Hindu Kush Indus River drains into the Arabian Sea Mountains block cold air & give the area a warm climate Monsoons = seasonal winds that affect the climate and way of life Summer monsoons bring heavy rains, causing flooding that helps the soil People depended on monsoons to grow crops Monsoons sometimes unpredictable - Unusually heavy rains drowned people, animals, whole villages - Late or light monsoons caused poor crops & starvation Often called Harappan Civilization Major cities: Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro Cities were carefully planned – used a grid pattern A fortress built on a brick platform overlooked each city – probably the center of government and religion Houses were made of oven-baked bricks 1) Each house had at least one bathroom with plumbing to sewers 2) Houses rose to several stories and had enclosed courtyards Most people farmed Trade = bronze and copper tools; jewelry out of gold, shells, ivory; clay pots; woven cloth; silver containers Used pictograms – still haven’t been deciphered Not much is known due to a lack of written records Collapsed around 1500 BCE 4th civilization on the rise = Yellow River Valley in China (Huang He River) Oldest continuous civilization in the world 1/3 mountains Vast deserts – Gobi Desert These factors isolated China from other early civilizations Prevented cultural diffusion Promoted strong sense of national identity 1st dynasty (line of rulers who belong to the same family) from which there are written records in China Kings were also high priests Performed special ceremonies for good weather, crops, etc. Had special powers to call upon their ancestors Used oracle bones Had a writing system Characters represented objects, ideas, or sounds Had to memorize each character to understand script Few people could read & write in ancient China Produced some of the finest bronze objects ever made Wove silk into beautiful colored cloth for the upper class 7 capital cities Palace and temple stood at the center of each city Collapsed under attack Shang Dynasty lacked strong leaders 1000 BCE = ruler from the north named Wu marched in his armies and killed the Shang king Set up his own dynasty called the Zhou Dynasty that ruled China for 800 years Paved the way for many other dynasties to rule China Dynasties ruled China until the early 1900s under the Mandate of Heaven ▪ If rulers were effective, they received the authority to rule from Heaven ▪ If not, they were overthrown & lost this mandate to someone else who started a new dynasty Meso = means middle Refers to any cultures that lived in present-day Mexico & Central America One of the earliest Mesoamerican civilizations Located near Gulf of Mexico Knowledge of them comes from excavations of 2 main sites = San Lorenzo and La Venta both discovered in the 1930s Olmec = known for gigantic stone heads carved from basalt (volcanic rock) Some more than 9 feet tall Some weighed as much as 40 tons Heads of rulers Built without wheels or “beasts of burden” Olmec moved these heads about 60 miles from the mountains to the sites where they were found Think about the giant head from Legends of the Hidden Temple! His name was Olmec! Religion played an important role in the lives of the Olmec Many carvings found of the main Olmec god = a being with a human body and the catlike face of a jaguar Olmec believed the jaguar god controlled the harvests Early Olmec farmers used slash-and-burn farming = farmers cut down trees to clear land & burned whatever was left Planted maize and other crops among fertile ashes Problem = soil became exhausted after about 2 years Farmers then shifted fields & repeated the cycle Because of the influence that the Olmec civilization had on future civilizations within Mesoamerica, it is often referred to as the “Mother Civilization” in Mesoamerica A ritual ball game = rubber balls were batted back and forth across a walled court Symbolized the back & forth struggle between this world and the next Olmec rulers = BOTH political leaders AND spiritual leaders Performed rituals and ceremonies to satisfy the gods Temples and pyramids built where thousands could gather for special religious ceremonies and festivals Bloodletting Sacrifice of humans, animals, and valuable objects Tools used: Blades Stingray spines Sharks’ teeth Obsidian flakes Rope with thorns Jade “spears” We don’t really know what happened to them, however the most popular theories are: Food Shortage– the Olmec’s relied on only a handful of crops and all of them were susceptible to climate change (Sever Drought/Volcanic Eruption etc) External conflict with neighboring tribes Internal conflict between Olmec cities led to a decline in their culture