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Plant & Animal Adaptations Mrs. Geist, Swansboro High School Biology, Fall 2010-2011 Plant Adaptations Challenges to Life on Land 1. Obtaining Resources 2. Staying upright Plant Adaptation a. Below ground- roots absorb water & minerals b. above ground- shoots bear leaves which photosynthesize a. lignin: a chemical that hardens the cell wall Plant Adaptations Challenges to Life on Land Plant Adaptation 3. Maintaining Moisture a. waxy cuticle coats the leaves & stems, helping them to retain water. b. gases are exchanged through stomata (tiny pores in leaf’s surface) • guard cells- regulate the opening/closing of each stoma • open at night to allow for gas exchange • closed during the day to prevent evaporation of water Plant Adaptations Challenges to Life on Land Plant Adaptation 4. Reproduction- a. produce gametes in a protective jacket b. sperm travel in pollen grains, which are moved by wind or animals c. eggs remain inside tissues of “mother” plant & are fertilized there d. embryos dispersed in protective seeds Animal Adaptations--Innate Behaviors (Ch. 33, Section 1) Innate behavior- inherited behavior of animals Natural Selection- Individuals with behavior that makes them more successful at surviving and reproducing often produce more offspring than individuals without the behaviors. Offspring inherit genetic basis for successful behavior Reflex- simple, automatic response to a stimulus that involves no conscious control Ex: when you touch a hot stove, you jerk your hand away from the hot surface Animal Adaptations--Innate Behaviors Fight-or-Flight response- when you are scared, your body is prepared to either fight or run from the danger Automatic Controlled by hormones and the nervous system Innate Behaviors--Instincts Instinct- complex pattern of innate behaviors Courtship behavior- behavior that males and females of a species carry out before mating Territoriality- an animal defends a physical space against other members in its species Territory may contain breeding areas, feeding areas, or potential mates Doves in courtship flight. Innate Behaviors--Instincts Aggressive behavior- used to intimidate another animal of the same species Defend young, their territory, or resources Ex: bird calling, teeth baring, growling Dominance hierarchy- form of social ranking within a group Usually one top-ranking, dominant individual Individuals in each level subordinate to the one above Innate behavior Circadian rhythm- 24-hour, light-regulated, sleep/wake cycle of behavior Diurnal- animals active during the day Nocturnal- animals active at night Innate Behaviors--Instincts Migration- instinctive, seasonal movement of animals Ex: 2/3 of birds in N. America fly south in the fall to area such as S. America where food is available during the winter Birds fly north in the spring to breed during summer Innate Behaviors--Instincts Hibernation- period of dormancy during cold months Period of biological rest or inactivity Food supplies are limited. Animal lives off its fat stores. Metabolism, breathing, and body temp. drop to conserve energy. Estivation- dormancy in hot climates Ex: desert animals estivate in response to lack of food or periods of drought Learned Behaviors (33.2) Learned behavior- behavior changes through practice or experience Learned behaviors are more common in vertebrates (ex: humans), whereas innate behaviors are more common in invertebrates. Learning has survival value for animals in a changing environment. Allows an animal to adapt to change Learned Behaviors Type of Learning Description Example Imprinting Rapid form of learning Some birds, duckling that occurs during a following mother critical period of development Habituation An animal learns not to respond to a stimulus without punishment or reward. Dogs stop barking at familiar people entering the house. Horses become habituated to the city and ignore cars and noisy streets. Learned Behaviors Type of Learning Description Example Reasoning (insight) Ability to solve unfamiliar problems in a new situation. An octopus unscrews a jar to get food. Spatial (Latent) Ability to create a mental map of the environment. Blue jays know where they have hidden food, even if food is stored in up to 100 locations. Learned Behaviors Type of Learning Description Example Classical Conditioning Associate a stimulus with a response that would not normally occur. Pavlov’s dogs salivate at the sound of the bell. Operant Conditioning Associate an activity with a consequence Toads flick their tongues at flying insects. If they are stung by a bee, they will learn not to flick their tongues at striped insects. Pavlov’s Dogs Pavlov noted that dogs salivate when they smell food. Responding to the smell of food is a reflex, a type of innate behavior. Pavlov rang a bell when he gave the dog food. Pavlov developed an association between the food and ringing bell. Eventually, the dog salivated at the sound of the bell alone. Pavlov’s Dogs Structural Plant Adaptations Physical traits to discourage herbivores from eating them Spines, thorns, leathery leaves Some plants produce chemicals that are poisonous or have a foul odor Milkweed, tobacco, peyote cactus Thorns on a Rose Bush Structural Plant Adaptations Venus flytrap catches insects with modified leaves. Seed dispersal adaptations Some seeds have spines that attach to animal fur Some seeds have watertight buoyant outer shells Other seeds have “wings” or “parachutes used to harness the wind Sycamore seeds Behavioral Plant Adaptations Behavior- response to internal and external stimuli by an organism Tropisms- growth of a plant in response to a stimulus. Positive tropisms- toward the stimulus Negative tropisms- away from the stimulus Gravitropism Behavioral Plant Adaptations Phototropism- response to light Shoots and stems are postively phototropic Roots are negatively phototropic Geotropism (or gravitropism)- plant’s response to gravity Roots are positively geotropic Stems and leaves are negatively geotropic Behavioral Plant Adaptations Thigmotropism- response to touch Climbing plants have weak stems and will wrap around another plant, wall, fence, etc. Kudzu, honeysuckle, beans Other Plant Behaviors Nastic movements- responses of plants to stimulus regardless of direction Flowers opening and closing in response to light Mimosa leaves curling up when touched by an object or blown by wind Carnivorous plants close in response to something touch little hair-like structures inside their leaves ex: Venus flytrap Venus flytrap Other Plant Behaviors Circadian rhythms- behavior cycles that follow 24 hr. patterns of activity Some plants fold their leaves and flowers at night and open them during the day Other plants secrete perfumes and nectars when pollinators are active Other Plant Behaviors Photoperiodism- response of plant to amount of daylight Explains why plants bloom in different seasons Amount of daylight in fall and winter is less than in spring and summer
