Download WWI “THE WAR TO END ALL WARS”

WWI
“THE WAR TO END ALL WARS”
16.1 ROAD TO WWI
• NATIONALISM AND ALLIANCES
•RIVALRIES OVER COLONIES AND TRADE—
•IT WAS NATIONALISM VS. IMPERALIST EXPANSION
ALLIANCES
• TRIPLE ALLIANCE (GERMANY, ITALY,
AND AUSTRIA-HUNGARY) “GIA”
ALLIANCES
• TRIPLE ENTENTE (FRANCE, UNITED
KINGDOM AKA GREAT BRITAIN, AND
RUSSIA) “FUR”
• INTERNAL DISSENT
• SOCIALIST LABOR MOVEMENTS LED TO VIOLENT
STRIKES AND CLASS DIVISION
• LEADERS OF THESE SOCIALIST COUNTRIES WANT
TO SUPPRESS INTERNAL DISSENT VIA WAR
• MILITARISM
• “CONSCRIPTION” DOUBLES EUROPEAN ARMIES
BY 1914
• RUSSIA HAD THE LARGEST @ 1.3 MILLION
• FRANCE AND RUSSIA @ 900,000
• A/H @ 250,000
• BUILD UP BRINGS DISTRUST AMONG NATIONS
WAR: SUMMER 1914
• RUSSIA WANTS A LARGE SLAVIC STATE (SERBIA) IN THE
BALKANS==A/H WANTS TO STOP THIS (SEE PAGE 500)
• FRANCIS FERDINAND (ARCHDUKE) IS SHOT IN
SARAJEVO BY BOSNIAN REBEL GAVRILO PRINCIP
(“BLACK HAND” TERRIORIST GROUP
• A/H WANTS TO ATTACK SERBIA BUT FEARS RUSSIA
WILL INTERVENE
• GERMANY BACK A/H==WILLIAM II GIVES “BLANK
CHECK” POLICY FOR “FULL SUPPORT” TO A/H
• A/H DECLARES WAR ON SERBIA
• RUSSIAN CZAR NICHOLAS II ORDERS
PARTIAL MOBILIZATION OF ARMY
• GERMANY SENDS RUSSIA AN
ULTIMATUM (HALT MOBILIZATION IN
12 HOURS)==RUSSIA
IGNORES==GERMANY DECLARES
WAR ON RUSSIA
GAVRILO PRINCIP
GERMAN EMPEROR WILLIAM II
16.2 WWI
E. 1914 to 1915: Illusions and Stalemate:
- most political leaders believed we had outgrown the
need for war (the age of reason) Last major war :
Napoleonic Wars 100 years past; all wars since
ended in a matter of weeks
- propaganda had stirred up national hatreds for
years; when the war began, propaganda was used to
urge people to defend their own country; everyone
believed their cause for war was just
- The Western Front:
Germany swept through Belgium and into northern
France; the Germans advance was halted at the
Battle of the Marne a short distance from Paris
The Western Front turned into a stalemate; neither
side was able to push the other out of the system of
trench warfare they had begun; trenches stretched
from the English Channel to the Swiss border; both
sides were kept in virtually the same positions for
four years
WESTERN FRONT
• GERMANY WANTS TO TAKE PARIS, FRANCE VIA
BELGIUM AT THE “FIRST BATTLE OF THE MARNE”
The Eastern Front
• war was more mobile; Russia attacked Germany but was
defeated at the Battle of the Tannenburg and the Battle of
Masurian Lakes; made it clear that the Russians were no threat
to the Germans
• Russians were more successful in Austria-Hungary; the
Austrians were defeated and thrown out of Serbia
• The Italians betrayed their allies (The Triple Alliance) by
attacking Austria; therefore Italy became apart of The Triple
Entente (or by this time called The Allies)
• The Germans came to the aid of Austria; together they defeated
the Russians; about 2.5 million Russians had been killed,
captured, or wounded; Russia was almost out of the war; After
defeating Serbia, the Germans turn its attention back to the
Western Front
WWI ALLIANCES
• PROPAGANDA WAS USED WIDELY TO INFLUENCE
PUBLIC OPINION
PROPAGANDA OF WWI
PROPAGANDA OF WWI
TRENCHES
TRENCH WARFARE
• LASTED 4 YEARS (STRETCHED ACROSS THE ENGLISH
CHANNEL TO THE SWISS BORDER)
• “GREAT SLAUGHTER” (MASSIVE TANGLES OF BARBED
WIRE, MACHINE GUNS, HEAVY ARTILLERY, “NO-MANS
LAND,” “WAR OF ATTRITION” (WEARING DOWN OF
YOUR OPPONENT/SOFENING THE ENEMY UP)
LIFE IN THE TRENCHES
“OVER THE TOP!”
(READ ONLY)
• Trench Warfare developed due to the failure of
the Schlieffen Plan. When Germany realized that
they would have to fight a war on two fronts, and
that this meant that they would have to split their
already small army in two, Count Von Schlieffen,
Chief of the German General Staff, devised a
plan which would solve this problem. The plan
involved invading France through neutral
Belgium and catching them off-guard. They
would then defeat France within six weeks and
be ready to fight Russia, who by this time should
have mobilized their army. However, the plan
failed, and this led to the introduction of trench
warfare.
(READ ONLY) Trench Systems
• The front line directly faced the enemy, who would
usually be between 200-800 meters away. The space in
between the front lines of the defenders and the
attackers was known as "No Man’s Land".
• The front line was protected by barbed wire, which was
secretly erected or amended during the night.
• Behind the front line were the "reserve trenches", also
known as the "second line" or the "support trenches".
These were the second line of defense and they were
used if the front line was captured by the enemy.
• Sometimes, there was even a third line of defense
• These were known as the "communication trenches"
and they ran over 1km back to safety. All things going up
the line, such as fresh troops, water, food, mail,
ammunition, etc, had to use these lines. Also, wounded
soldiers went in the other direction to hospitals.
(READ ONLY)
• Trenches were formed in zigzags, as opposed to straight
lines. This was to prevent attackers from shooting
straight down the trench, and it helped to reduce the
effects of blasts from shells. It also meant that it was
more difficult for the trench to be captured as the enemy
had to fight round each corner to capture more and more
of the trench. Another method of slowing down the
process of the enemy capturing the trench, were barbed
wire doors, which were common in trenches. When open
they fitted into gaps in the side of the trench, but when
they were closed they were lethal. They were situated at
intervals along the length of the trench.
• Wet weather made the trenches become very muddy,
very quickly, so flat planks of wood called duckboards
were laid end-to-end along the ground, and were then
nailed together. These helped to provide a floor, which
could cope with the soldiers walking on them from dayto-day. As these did not sink into the mud,
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(READ ONLY)
At first light, the order "Stand down!" was given and
knowing that the threat of a night raid was over, the
sentries could relax.
Breakfast for the troops usually consisted of, if not
bacon, at least a cup of tea. The cooking in the trenches
was done on small fires made of scraps of wood found
usually in local ruins.
The troops were rarely hungry, unless due to shell
damage, the communication trenches were damaged
and the ferrying of food up and down the line was
temporarily prevented. However although there was
usually enough food to go round, the choice was rarely
varied.
The usual selection was tinned "bully beef", a loaf of
bread to be shared among up to 10 men, and jam, which
was usually Tickler’s plum and apple flavour, which the
men soon got fed up of. Occasionally there was an
abundance of cheese, but this caused constipation and
the men thought that it was a deliberate attempt to ease
the problem of trench toilets.
BARBED WIRE
MUDDY TRENCHES
DISEASE IN THE TRENCHES
“TRENCH FOOT”
RATS IN THE TRENCHES
POISON GAS IN THE TRENCHES
CHRISTMAS IN THE TRENCHES
• (READ THE STORY)
• How 2/Lieut. Drummond got his Photograph
2nd. Lieutenant Cyril Drummond, 135th Battery, Royal Field Artillery.
"On Boxing Day we walked up to the village of St. Yvon where the
observation post was. I soon discovered that places where we were
usually shot at were quite safe. There were the two sets of front
trenches only a few yards apart, and yet there were soldiers, both
British and German, standing on top of them, digging or repairing the
trench in some way, without ever shooting at each other. It was an
extraordinary situation. In the sunken road I met an officer I knew, and
we walked along together so that we could look across to the German
front line, which was only about seventy yards away. One of the
Germans waved to us and said, "Come over here!" We said, "You
come over here if you want to talk." So he climbed out of his trench
and came over towards us. We met and very gravely saluted each
other. He was joined by more Germans, and some of the Dublin
Fusiliers from our own trenches came over to join us. No German
officer came out, it was only the ordinary soldiers. We talked, mainly in
French, because my German was not very good and none of the
Germans could speak English well. But we managed to get together all
right. One of them said, "We don't want to kill you and you don't want
to kill us, so why shoot?" They gave me some German tobacco and
German cigars - they seemed to have plenty of those, and very good
ones too - and they asked whether we had any jam. One of the Dublin
Fusiliers got a tin of jam which had been opened, but very little taken
out, and he gave it to a German who gave him two cigars for it. I lined
GERMAN AND RUSSIAN SOLDIERS ON THE
WESTERN FRONT 1914
• Russia was more successful in AustriaHungary; the Austrians were defeated and
thrown out of Serbia
• The Italians betrayed their allies (The Triple
Alliance) by attacking Austria; therefore Italy
became apart of The Triple Entente (or by
this time called The Allies)
• The Germans came to the aid of Austria;
together they defeated the Russians; about
2.5 million Russians had been killed,
captured, or wounded; Russia was almost
out of the war; After defeating Serbia, the
Germans turn its attention back to the
Western Front
F. 1916 to 1917: The Great Slaughter
- Tactics of Trench Warfare:
• Trench Warfare: elaborate system of
defense; trenches protected by barbed wire
entanglements, concrete machine guns, gun
batteries, and heavy artillery
• Troops lived in dug-outs; could be both
boring and terrifying; had separate dugouts
for first-aid, kitchens, supply depots, and
bathrooms
• Summers: hot, dry, lice, insects, rats
• Winters: cold, wet, muddy, trench foot
• Trenches separated by a strip of land called noman’s land; could vary from a distance of half a mile
to a few yards; it protected the area in front of each
trench with land mines and barbed wire
• Generals had been trained to fight wars of movement
and maneuvers, therefore the offensive would begin
with an bombardment of artillery to “soften up” no
man’s land and the enemies trenches, then send a
mass of soldiers across with bayonets to fight;
attacks rarely worked because men advance across
open fields with the enemy protected in trenches
therefore the men who were attacking were mowed
down with machine guns as they advanced (“WAR
OF ATTRITION”)
Section 3: The Russian Revolution
J. Background to Revolution:
- Due to a lack of experienced military leaders and technology,
Russia was unprepared for WWI. Russian army was poorly
trained and equipped and suffered terrible losses; Nicholas II
insisted on commanding the troops himself
- Between 1915 – 1916, 2 million soldiers were killed another 4-6
million wounded or captured; therefore, by 1917, the Russian
will to fight had vanished
- The Beginnings of Upheaval:
Nicholas II relied on his army to keep him in power;
he insisted on commanding the army in the field
therefore unaware of a lot of problems in the capital
Alexandra, the wife of Nicholas II was strongly
influenced by Grigori Rasputin. Rasputin was a self
proclaimed holy man who seemed to have the power
to heal Alexis (heir to the throne) from hemophilia; in
Nicolas absence Alexandra made important
decisions with the help of Rasputin
The Russian people became increasingly upset with
the czar and his wife due to military and economic
disasters. Conservatives wanted to save the
deteriorating situation and assassinated Rasputin.
However, it did not save the monarchy.
The March Revolution
March 1917, working-class women led a series of strikes
in the capital city of Petrograd. They were upset about
bread shortages and rationing. They called for a
general strike that shut down all the factories.
Alexandra reported the situation to Nicholas. He
responded by ordering troops to break the crowds up
with force. However, the soldiers refused and joined
the demonstrators.
March 12, the Duma met and established a provisional
government. The government urged Nicholas II to step
down and he does ending the rule of the Romanov
dynasty.
The provisional government was headed by
Alexander Kerensky and they decided to
continued to fight the war. This was a
mistake, it upset workers and peasants who
wanted an end to the fighting.
The provisional government was also
challenged by the soviets – councils
representing workers and soldiers – who
came to play an important role in Russian
politics. Soviets sprang up around the
country; mostly made up of socialist
RUSSIAN CZAR NICHOLAS II
The Rise of Lenin
The Bolsheviks began as a small party called the
Russian Social Democrats; they came under the
leadership of V. I. Lenin;
Under Lenin the Bolsheviks became dedicated to
violent revolution
Lenin had been exiled under Czar Nichols II rule; after
the provisional government was formed; German
leaders helped Lenin get back to Russia:
Lenin’s return to Russia started a new stage of the
revolution; Lenin believed the Bolshevik’s should
work with the Soviets to overthrow the provisional
government
Bolsheviks promised:
1. to end the war
2. redistribute land to peasants
3. transfer of factories/industries to workers
4. transfer power from the provisional government to
the Soviets
The Bolsheviks Seize Power:
- By Oct. 1917, Bolsheviks held majorities in the Petrograd and
Moscow Soviets.
- Nov. 1917, the Bolsheviks seized the Winter Palace and the
provisional government collapsed
- Lenin turned over power to the Congress of Soviets, which
represented soviets throughout Russia; but held on to the real
power in a Council of People’s Commissars which he ran.
- The Bolsheviks renamed themselves the Communists.
- March 1918, Lenin signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with
Germany ending Russia’s involvement in WWI; the Russians
had to give up territory including eastern Poland, Ukraine,
Finland, and the Baltic Provinces in the peace treaty; however
Lenin believed these territories would return to Russia as the
socialist revolution spread through Europe.
Civil War in Russia:
After the Communist took power, civil war broke out in
Russia; Many people were opposed to the communist,
including groups loyal to the czar, liberals, and antiLeninist socialist;
These groups were aided by the Allies, who gave them
troops and supplies, hoping Russia would rejoin the
WWI
The Communist – The Red Army fought the Whites (antiCommunist) in the Civil War; by 1920, the Red Army had
defeated the White forces
The royal family who had been kept captive since
Nicholas II abdicated, were captured by the Communist
and moved to a mining town in the Urals, where they
were eventually killed
Triumph of the Communists
The Communists won the Civil War in part because of
their army; Leon Trotsky, commissar of war, had
brilliantly organized the army and instituted rigid
discipline
The Whites were not unified and were torn by political
differences and mistrust; they lacked a common goal;
some wanted to restore the czar; others wanted a
more democratic government
The Communist were able to put their ideals to work in
practical ways; for example, by controlling banks,
farms, and industries to serve the Communist war
effort , known as war communism
The communist used terror to further their goals; The
Cheka sought anyone who opposed the communist .
When Allies sent troops, communist appealed to
Russian patriotism; asked Russians to fight against
foreign control
By 1921, Communist had complete control of Russia; it
was a centralized state dominated by a single party
G. Widening of the War:
- Nov. 1914 – the Ottoman Empire came in the war On
Germany’s side; April 1915 – Bulgaria joins the
Austria-Hungary, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire
– they become known as the Central Powers
- Italy joined the Allies because they were promised
Austrian territory after an Allied victory; By 1917 the
following countries had joined the allies: Egypt,
India, Australia, New Zealand
Section 4: End of the War
O. The Last Year of the War: (1917) Allies
were being badly defeated on the Western
Front;
Russians withdrew from the war;
Americans enter WWI;
the Central Powers had the advantage
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A New German Offensive:
• March 1917, General Erich von Ludendorff,
launched a large offensive attack on the Western
Front and came with in 50 miles of Paris.
• The Germans were stopped at the Second Battle
of the Marne by French, Moroccan, more than 2
million American troops, and hundreds of tanks
• By 1918, Allies began to advance toward
Germany; in September, General Ludendorff told
German leaders that the war was lost
•
- Collapse and Armistice:
The Allies were unwilling to negotiate with The
autocratic, German emperor, William II
The German people were angry and exhausted
from the war. In spite of government reforms,
Germen workers and soldiers revolted and set up
their own councils.
Nov. 9, William II fled Germany and the Social
Democratic party, led by Fredrich Ebert, declared
Germany a democratic republic.
Nov. 11, the new government signed an armistice
with the Allies that ended the war
WWI became a war of attrition
•
- War in the Air:
• planes were first used to spot the enemy’s
position but soon planes were used to attack
ground targets especially communications
• pilots first fired at each other with handguns
later machine guns were mounted; Germans
used their aircraft to bomb cities
WWI Aircraft
Locating the Enemy
Dogfights of WWI
American Ace
Frank Luke (Arizona)
The Red Baron
(German Ace)
SNOOPY
RED BARON PIZZA
Lafayette Escadrille
• AIRCRAFT IS USED FOR THE FIRST
TIME IN COMBAT FOR SPYING ON
ENEMY LOCATION
• GERMAN “ZEPPLINS” FULL OF
HYDRO GASSES BOMB BRITAIN
GERMAN “ZEPPLINS
• EASTERN FRONT
• GERMANY DEFEATS RUSSIA
(“BATTLE OF TANNENBERG” AND
“BATTLE OF MASURIAN LAKES”
• RUSSIA DEFEATS A/H AND PUSHES
THEM FROM SERBIA
• GERMANY COMES TO THE AIDE OF
A/H AND TOGETHER THEY DEFEAT
Revolutionary Forces:
• Dec. 1918, socialist formed the German
Communist Party and tried to seize power.
They were defeated by the new government,
which was backed by the army; Communist
revolutionary leaders were killed; left many
middle-class Germans deeply afraid of
communism
• At the end of the war, ethnic groups in
Austria-Hungary sought independence. The
Austro-Hungarian Empire disintegrated into
the independent republics of Austria,
Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia.
The Peace Settlements
• Jan. 1919, representatives of the 27 Allied nations met to draw
up a final settlement of war.
•
- Wilson’s Proposals:
• President Wilson peace plan was called the Fourteen Points,
with which he intended to create a lasting peace.
The very idealistic points included proposals for open treaty
negotiations, reducing military strength, ensuring selfdetermination and proposed a new world order based on
democracy and cooperation among nations.
It also suggest creating an general association of nations to
guarantee independence and peace for all countries (becomes
The League of Nations)
- The Paris Peace Conference:
• The Paris Peace Conference was complicated by many
factors:
1. secret treaties had been made before the war that
promised territories to certain nations
2. the British, under Prime Minister David Lloyd George
wanted to make the Germans pay for the war and
3. the French, led by Georges Clemenceau, wanted to insure
national security by stripping Germany of all weapons, by
having them pay huge reparations, and by creating a buffer
state between Germany and France in the German
Rhineland.
• The U.S., Britain and France, known as The Big Three,
made most of the important decisions at the Peace
Conference;
• Germany was not included; Russia was in civil war; Italy
was not given a large role
- The Treaty of Versailles
• The final peace settlement of WWI; composed of 5 different treaties
with the different nations: Germany (most important), Austria,
Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire (Turkey)
• The treaty declared Germany was guilty of starting the war and
ordered Germany to pay reparations for all the damages suffered
by the Allies.
• Required Germany to reduce its military force and return the
Alsace and Lorraine to France (Germany had taken in the FrancoPrussian War 1871)
• Sections of Eastern Germany were taken to create Poland and the
German Rhineland was turned into a demilitarized zone to prevent
future aggression toward France.
• German government accepted the peace terms because they had
no choice; Germans felt the treaty was harsh and unfair
H. Entry of the United States
-
beginning of war the U.S. remained neutral; the
German invasion of neutral Belgium had upset
Americans but still seen as a European problem.
Britain set up a naval blockade of Germany;
Germany retaliated by using unrestricted
submarine warfare – they would sink any
merchant ships heading to Britain
- May 7, 1915, Germany sunk the passenger ship
Lusitania; 1,100 civilian casualties; over 100 U.S.
citizens; Americans protest; Germany backs off of
unrestricted submarine warfare and promises
Wilson they will fire warning shots before sinking
-
By Jan. 1917 the Germans had
resumed unrestricted submarine
warfare; President Wilson
responded by breaking off
relations with Germany
- March 1917, American newspapers published the
Zimmermann telegram; telegram from Germany proposed a deal with Mexico; Germany promised
Mexico would receive New Mexico, Texas, and
Arizona after a Germany victory if Mexico joined
Germany in the war by attacking the U.S.
- March 1917 – Germans sank
four American merchant ships
- April 2, 1917 – President
Wilson asked Congress for a
declaration of war and receives
it
GERMAN U-BOAT
Lusitania
I. The Home Front: The Impact of Total War:
- Increased Government Powers:
Governments increased their powers to continue to meet
the need of more men and supplies to keep up the war;
millions of young men were drafted
Free market capitalist systems were put aside;
government used price controls, rationed food
supplies and materials, regulated imports and exports,
and took over transportation systems and industries --European nations had planned economies
• - Manipulation of Public Opinion:
• As casualties mounted in the war, public
support fell.
• Authoritarian governments used force to
keep people working
• Democratic governments passed laws to
restrict dissent (Britain passed the DORA Act
allowed government to arrest protestors as
traitors) and tried to keep up morale with
propaganda techniques
•
The Defence of the Realm Act (DORA) of 1914 governed all lives in Britain
during World War One. The Defence of the Realm Act was added to as the war
progressed and it listed everything that people were not allowed to do in time
of war. As World War One evolved, so DORA evolved. The first version of the
Defence of the Realm Act was introduced on August 8th 1914. This stated that:
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no-one was allowed to talk about naval or military matters in public places
no-one was allowed to spread rumours about military matters
no-one was allowed to buy binoculars
no-one was allowed to trespass on railway lines or bridges
no-one was allowed to melt down gold or silver
no-one was allowed to light bonfires or fireworks
no-one was allowed to give bread to horses, horses or chickens
no-one was allowed to use invisible ink when writing abroad
no-one was allowed to buy brandy or whisky in a railway refreshment
room
no-one was allowed to ring church bells
the government could take over any factory or workshop
the government could try any civilian breaking these laws
the government could take over any land it wanted to
the government could censor newspapers
As the war continued and evolved, the government introduced more acts to
DORA.
the government introduced British Summer Time to give more daylight for
extra work
opening hours in pubs were cut
beer was watered down
customers in pubs were not allowed to buy a round of drinks
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- Total War and Women:
• Women assumed new roles during WWI –
took on jobs previously only held by men like
factory and trucking jobs – was seen as
temporary jobs, lasting as long as men were
away fighting the war
• Positive result: women were given the right
to vote in Germany, Austria, and the U.S.
when the war ended. Women in Britain 1918
before the war ended
- A New Map of Europe
• The Russians and Germans lost a lot of territory; the AustroHungarian Empire was gone; New states emerged, including
Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia,
Austria, Hungary and Yugoslavia; Romania received territory
from Russia, Hungary, and Bulgaria
• The creation of new countries was guided by the principle of selfdetermination, but the mix of peoples in eastern Europe made
this very difficult thus compromises had to be made.
• Treaty also broke up the Ottoman Empire. For Arab support, the
Allies had promised states within the Ottoman Empire would be
independent. However, France and Britain took over control of
Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, and Palestine. Because of Wilson’s
opposition, these territories were called mandates – a country
controlled another country on behalf of the League of Nations,
but did not officially own the territory.
The War’s Legacy:
• WWI undermined the previously held
idea of progress. Entire populations
had slaughtered each other in
unprecedented ways.
• The devastation of the war also opened
the door to revolutions and further
instability.
SONGS OF THE TRENCHES
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“OVER THERE”
“YOU’RE IN THE ARMY NOW!”
“A LONG WAY TO TIPPERARY”
“OH, HOW I HATE TO GET UP IN THE
MORNING!”
• “I DIDN’T RAISE MY BOY TO BE A SOLDIER”
• “ROSES OF PICARDY”
• “MY BUDDY”
“OVER THERE”
OVER THERE, OVER THERE
SPREAD THE WORD, SEND THE WORD, OVER
THERE,
THAT THE YANKS ARE COMING, THE YANKS
ARE COMING,
THE DRUMS, DRUM-DRUMMING
EVERYWHERE.
SO PREPARE, SAY A PRAYER.
SEND THE WORD, SPREAD THE WORD TO
BEWARE,
WE’LL BE OVER, WE’RE COMING OVER,
AND WE WON’T COME BACK TILL IT’S OVER,
OVER THERE.