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CHAPTER ONE
The Scope of Biology
GLOBAL TO
MICROSCOPIC
• Bio = Life
Ology = the study of
• Biology – natural science that is the
study of living things on a global scale
of the entire planet down to the
microscopic world
LARGE TO SMALL
• Biosphere – all the parts of the planet that are inhabited by
living things (land, water, atmosphere)
• Ecosystem – community of living things and the
environment that supports them (plants, animals, air, water,
and sunlight)
• Ecosystems are very diverse and dynamic (changing)
Desert
Marsh
Pond
• All ecosystems combined
• make up the biosphere
Rainforest
LARGE TO SMALL
• Organism – Individual living thing
• Different types of organisms within their
environment make up an ecosystem
• Cell – basic units of structure and
function within an organism
• Organisms are made up of one or more cells
• Unicellular – single cell
• Multicellular – many cells
LARGE TO SMALL
• DNA and Genes
• DNA – molecule responsible
for inheritance
• Instructs cell to make all
important molecules
• Gene - hereditary segment
for a single trait
LIFE’S DIVERSITY
• Life is very diverse; it contains thousands of
different species
• Species – a distinct form of life
• Insects are the most diverse
group of animals
• Canis familiaris
Canis lupus
CLASSIFICATION
• Classification is needed because
life is so diverse and there are so
many different kinds of organisms
• Classification – organizing
similar species into larger
groups
• https://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=dnF_UdPbJZ0
THE THREE DOMAINS OF LIFE
• Domain – Broadest category of classification
• Archaea
• Bacteria
• Eukarya
THE THREE DOMAINS OF LIFE
• Kingdoms – category of classification after
domains
• 4 kingdoms within Eukarya domain
• Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists
• 1 kingdom within Archaea domain
• Archaebacteria
• 1 kingdom within the Bacteria
domain
• Eubacteria
THE THREE DOMAINS OF LIFE
• Archaea and bacteria domains contain very
small and simple organisms; unicellular and
prokaryotic cells
• Prokaryotic – cells
without nuclei
• The Eukarya domain
contains more complex
organisms; most are
multicellular and have
eukaryotic cells
• Eukaryotic – cells with
a nuclei
TEN UNIFYING THEMES OF LIFE
• 1. Biological Systems
• System – complex organization formed from
a simpler combination of parts
• Made up of levels of organization
• Atom-molecule-cell-tissue-organ-organ
system
Organism
• Applies to all levels of life:
• Biosphere – cells
TEN UNIFYING THEMES OF LIFE
• 2. Cellular Basis of Life
•All living things are
made up of cells and
have levels of
organization.
TEN UNIFYING THEMES OF LIFE
• 3. Form and Function
• Form is unique to its
function
• Ex. The shape of a
bird’s wings = fly
• Nerve cell has long
fibers = direct
movement
TEN UNIFYING THEMES OF LIFE
• 4. Reproduction and Inheritance
• Inheritance is passed through
reproduction
• Genes contain DNA which carries
information for certain characteristics
• During cellular division, DNA is copied
• Egg (mom DNA) fuses with sperm (dad
DNA)
• Creates individual with
some inherited traits
TEN UNIFYING THEMES OF LIFE
• 5. Interaction with the Environment
• All organisms interact with its
environment
• Photosynthesis - process by which
plants make food
• We depend on oxygen
• Cellular respiration – process by
which animals use food to create
energy
• Plants depend on carbon
dioxide
TEN UNIFYING THEMES OF LIFE
• 6. Energy and Life
• All life processes require energy
• Energy - the ability to do work
• Energy flow within and ecosystem
• Sunlight – producers - consumers
• Energy then exits as heat
• Producers (autotrophs) - produce
own food
• Consumers (heterotrophs) – organisms
that can not make their own food and
depend on other autotrophs or
heterotrophs
TEN UNIFYING THEMES OF LIFE
• 7. Regulation
• Homeostasis - the ability of an
organism to keep conditions inside
the body constant
• (sweating, shivering)
TEN UNIFYING THEMES OF LIFE
• 8. Adaptation
and Evolution
• Living things adapt
• Adaptation - any characteristic or change
that helps the organism survive or live
successfully in its environment
• Population – localized group of organisms
belonging to the same species
• Natural Selection - process by which
individuals that are better adapted to their
environments survive and reproduce more
successfully than less well adapted
individuals do
• Evolution – change through time
TEN UNIFYING THEMES OF LIFE
• 9. Biology and Society
• Biology is everywhere in society
Why is Biology important?
• 1. Medicine (bird flu, swine flu, Ebola,
zika)
• 2. Agriculture (Growing genetically
engineered food)
• 3. Industry (Use of bacteria to break down
sewage: efficiency)
TEN UNIFYING THEMES OF LIFE
• 10. Scientific Inquiry
• Because Biology is a science,
there is a reliance on certain
processes of inquiry
• Scientific Method - an organized
approach to help understand
how the natural world works