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Organic Chemistry
What is an organic compound?
What are inorganic compounds?
Why are there more organic compounds than
inorganic?
What are hydrocarbons?
What are saturated hydrocarbons?
What are the derivatives of hydrocarbons?
What is an isomer?
What is ethylene and where does it come from?
What is polyethylene?
Where does petroleum come from?
What is petrol and gasoline?
What is crude oil?
What atoms make up methanol?
When do carbon monoxide form?
What 5 things do living organisms do?
What is the basic unit of life?
What is the meaning of metabolism?
What is the meaning of carbohydrate?
What is a complex carbohydrate?
What are the examples of complex carbohydrates?
What is the function of carbohydrates?
Where can each be found?
How many amino acids are needed to make protein?
What is the function of protein?
• Vitalist theory
• Living organism – (4 elements)
• 1828 – Friedrich Wohler
• Decomposed inorganic
compound – Urea – urine
• Vitalist theory disappeared
Organic Compounds
•Compound – 2
•Organic chemistry – carbon principle
element – living or non-living
•Inorganic chemistry – no carbon
•Millions of organic compounds
•Carbon valence of 4
Hydrocarbons
• Carbon + Hydrogen
• The carbon to carbon - single, double, or
triple bonds.
• Satisfied = saturated
• Alkanes = saturated hydrocarbons –
single bond
• Methane – most abundant organic
compound
Hydrocarbons
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Methane = 1Carbon
Methane = Single bond
Ethane = 2 Carbons
Ethene = double bond
Ethyne = Triple bond
Propane = 3 Carbons
Butane = 4 Carbons
Isomers - compounds – same molecular
formula – different structures.
Alkenes and Alkynes
• Alkenes – hydrocarbons with at least one double
carbon to carbon bond.
• The alkenes are unsaturated
• An alkyne is a hydrocarbon with at least one
carbon to carbon triple bond
• Ethene – ethylene is the gas that ripens fruit, and a
ripe fruit emits the gas, which will act on unripe
fruit. Thus, a ripe tomato placed in a sealed bag
with green tomatoes will help ripen them.
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Ethylene – raw material in the chemical industry.
Processing of petroleum – ethylene.
Polyethylene plastic PE = LDPE or HDPE
LD= Low density
HD= High density
Petroleum
• Petroleum is a mixture of alkanes,
cycloalkanes, and aromatic hydrocarbons.
– Petroleum is formed from the slow decomposition
of buried marine life, primarily plankton and
algae.
• As petroleum is formed it is forced through
porous rock until it reaches an impervious
layer of rock.
– Here it forms an accumulation of petroleum and
saturated the porous rock creating an oil field.
• Crude oil is the petroleum that is
pumped directly from the ground.
– It is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons
with one or two carbon atoms up to a limit
of about 50 carbon atoms.
– This is usually not useful, so it must
separated by distillation.
• Crude oil from the ground is separated into usable groups of
hydrocarbons at this Louisiana refinery. Each petroleum
product has a boiling point range, or "cut," of distilled
vapors that collect in condensing towers.
Hydrocarbon Derivatives
Alcohols
Hydrogen replaced by a hydroxyl (-OH) group.
The alcohol is named using the hydrocarbon name and
adding the suffix –ol.
• methane becomes methanol
• pentane becomes pentanol.
Hydrocarbon derivatives - one or more hydrogen atoms
is replaced by an element or a group of elements other
than hydrogen.
Halogens (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2,)
• Gasoline - (C8H18 )for example- no oxygen atoms.
• Gasohol - ethyl alcohol, C2H5OH, has oxygen.
• The addition of alcohol to gasoline, therefore,
adds oxygen to the fuel.
• Since carbon monoxide forms when there is an
insufficient supply of oxygen, the addition of
alcohol to gasoline helps cut down on carbon
monoxide emissions.
Organic Compounds of Life
Living organisms have to be able to:
• Exchange matter and energy with their
surroundings.
• Transform matter and energy into different
forms.
• Respond to changes in their environment.
• Grow.
• Reproduce.
Macromolecules
• A macromolecule is a combination of many smaller
similar molecules polymerized into a chain structure.
Living organism has 3 main types of
macromolecules which control all activities and
determine what an organism will do and become.
• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Nucleic acids
The cell is the basic unit of life.
• The cell makes up all living organisms that we know of.
• Cells are in turn made of macromolecules that form inside the
cell.
• Other macromolecules control the formation of these
macromolecules.
Metabolism is the breaking down or building up of
macromolecules.
• Generally, breaking down macromolecules releases energy
that the organism can use as an energy source.
• The building up of macromolecules requires energy, that is
obtained from breaking down macromolecules.
Carbohydrates = watered carbon
Carbohydrates - large group of compounds – sugars,
starches, and cellulose
Generally sugars are a storage source of energy
• Simple sugar C6H12O6 monosaccharide
• Glucose = carbohydrate
Glucose is the carbohydrate that animals utilize mostly for
their energy.
C6H12O6 +
glucose
C6H12O6
fructose
(monosaccharides)
=
C12H22O11
sucrose
(dissaccharide)
+
H2O
water
Simple sugars combine = complex carbohydrates
Complex carbohydrates – cellulose, starch and
glycogen
Complex carbohydrates – polysaccharide
• A monosaccharide is one that is made up of just one
sugar unit.
• A disaccharide is one that is made up of two sugar
units.
• A polysaccharide is one that is made up of many
sugar units.
Starch is a storage carbohydrate used by plants.
• When plants photosynthesize the use the energy from
sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into
sugars and oxygen.
Glycogen is a storage carbohydrate used by animals.
Cellulose is a polysaccharide that is used in plant cell walls
to maintain their structure.
Proteins
• Enzymes – catalysts (assistants) = speed up reaction
• Hormones – chemical messengers
• Antibody – help defend the body
• Amino acids – monomers (Nitrogen and 2 Hydrogens)
Proteins
Proteins - macromolecules - polymers of amino acids.
Structurally – makes muscle tissue, connective tissue,
skin, hair, and nails, etc.
Functionally proteins are enzymes which catalyze
biochemical reactions
• Building up macromolecules requires energy and an
enzyme lowers the amount of energy that is necessary.
• Twenty amino acids - produce proteins.
• Amino acids are polymerized by a dehydration
synthesis - long chains of repeating amino acids
called a protein.
• There are 10 amino acids which humans cannot
synthesize themselves and must be in the diet,
these are called essential amino acids.
Nucleic Acids = store and transfer information
•DNA – genetic material – determine –
protein – manufactured
• RNA – process of protein manufacture
Fats and Oils
Humans also take in carbohydrates and use the break down
of the carbohydrate as an energy source.
When either of these is taken in in quantities above that
that is necessary for the body, they are converted into fats
in animals and oils in plants.
• Fats and oils are a long term storage for energy
sources.
THE END