Download GRAMMAR LESSON # 2 -- PARTS OF SPEECH 1. NOUNS 2

ENG 1D – GRADE 9 ACADEMIC ENGLISH
GRAMMAR LESSON # 2 -- PARTS OF SPEECH
STUDENT’S NAME______________________________________
Parts of speech are simply words which have been placed into specific categories.
Parts of speech do not tell what words are, rather, they explain how the words are used.
For example,
I read the book. (Book is used as a noun.)
Book me those tickets! (Book is used as a verb.)
There are 8 parts of speech.
1. Nouns
2. Adjectives
3. Verbs
4. Pronouns
1.
5. Prepositions
6. Adverbs
7. Conjunctions
8. Interjections
NOUNS
A NOUN is a word which names a person, place, object, feeling, or idea.
person
-ballerina, nun, Jack, Tina, doctor, teenager
place
-bathroom, restaurant, Ontario, Africa, Burlington
object
-ball, hair brush, taco, finger
feeling
-anger, sadness, joy, frustration
idea
-freedom, peace, democracy, justice
2.
ADJECTIVES
An ADJECTIVE is a word which describes a noun. It states what kind of person, place, object, feeling, or
idea the noun is.
Ex.
beautiful ballerina
strict nun
clumsy child
hairy beast
Articles are also considered adjectives.
Articles are used to introduce nouns.
There are 3 articles: definite article (specific) – the
ex. the toy
the bridge
the show
indefinite article (general) -- a, an
ex. a rug
a trip
a cloud
an elbow
an apple
an accent
3.
VERBS
A VERB is a word which provides an action (describes what someone or something is doing—run, jump,
ask, tell, take, throw…)
or
shows a state of being for the subject of a sentence (am, are, is, was, were, be, been, seem…)
Ex.
The beautiful ballerina tripped.
The man bites the dog.
Conrad is bored.
I have been there.
It seems strange.
EXERCISE # 1
Identify all of the nouns, articles, adjectives, and verbs in the following sentences.
1. The attentive audience listened.
2. The grey mouse pounced on an innocent ant.
3. A rude child spoke loudly.
4. Run!
5. Take that slimy crocodile away!
Write 2 sentences of your own and identify the nouns, articles, adjectives, and verbs in each.
1.________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2.________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
4.
PRONOUNS
A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun.
Ex. Isiah’s hand is broken.
(His hand is broken.)
PERSONAL PRONOUNS make up the largest group of pronouns.
There are 4 forms a personal pronoun can take:
SUBJECT FORM, OBJECT FORM, POSSESSIVE FORM, REFLEXIVE FORM
SUBJECT FORM:
OBJECT FORM:
I, you, he, she, it (singular)
we, you, they (plural)
me, you, him, her, it (singular)
us, you, them (plural)
POSSESSIVE FORM:
my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its (singular)
our, ours, your, yours, their, theirs (plural)
REFLEXIVE FORM:
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself (singular)
ourselves, yourselves, themselves (plural)
Personal
Another type of pronoun is the DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN.
Demonstrative pronouns point to people or things that are close to you: THIS, THESE
Demonstrative pronouns point to people or things that are far from you: THAT, THOSE
This is the worst meal I have ever eaten.
Those people seem quite relaxed.
Another type of pronoun is the INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN.
Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions: WHO, WHOM, WHOSE, WHICH, WHAT
What are you wearing?
Which do you prefer?
Another type of pronoun is the INDEFINITE PRONOUN.
Indefinite pronouns do not refer to a definite person or thing.
The following indefinite pronouns are singular:
ANOTHER
ANYTHING
EVERYBODY
ANYBODY
ANYONE
EVERYONE
SOMEBODY
EITHER
EVERYTHING
NEITHER
NOBODY
SOMEONE
The above pronouns are used with the pronouns HIS, HER, and ITS.
Each of the jobs has its own reward.
Someone has his hands on my throat.
Some indefinite pronouns are plural:
BOTH
MANY
FEW
SEVERAL
Many of the viewers expressed their opinions.
Several students voiced their anger.
A few indefinite pronouns can be either singular or plural:
ALL
NONE
SOME
None of the furniture is in its place.
All of the actors knew their lines.
SPECIAL PROBLEMS WITH PRONOUNS:
a. We girls or Us girls
We boys or Us boys
When do you say we boys and we girls? When do you say us boys and us girls?
You will make the correct choice if you try the pronoun alone in the sentence.
(We, Us) girls walked along the beach.
We walked.
This sentence makes sense.
Us walked.
This does not make sense.
We girls walked along the beach. This sentence is correct.
ONE
EACH
NO ONE
b. Possessive forms of pronouns
The possessive forms of pronouns have no apostrophes.
my, mine
your, yours
his, her, hers, its
our, ours
their, theirs
The book is (hers, hers’).
Possessive forms do not have apostrophes, therefore, the correct
answer is: The book is hers.
c. Its and It’s
The dog lost its tag. (possessive – means “belonging to”)
It’s raining again. (contraction – means “it is” or “it has”)
It’s been a long day.
EXERCISE # 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
(We, Us) built a fire.
Did you see (we, us) skaters in the race?
(We, Us) players grabbed the ball and ran.
The police showed (we, us) reporters the proof.
Give (we, us) singers a chance to rehearse.
The trophy is back in (its, it’s) place.
I think (its, it’s) time for the fire drill.
Your apartment is much larger than (our’s, ours).
In a flash, (we, us) divers saw the danger.
(His, His’) story seemed fabricated.
PRONOUNS AND ANTECEDENTS
A pronoun takes the place of a noun. The noun that is replaced is called the antecedent of the pronoun.
Matt rode his bike.
His takes the place of the noun Matt.
Matt is the antecedent.
The antecedent usually appears before the pronoun.
Pronouns may be the antecedents of other pronouns.
He enjoys his free time.
He is the antecedent of his.
A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in number.
If the antecedent is singular, then the pronoun must be singular.
If the antecedent is plural, then the pronoun must be plural.
The generals planned their strategy.
Melissa lost her puppy.
(Generals is plural and their is plural.)
(Melissa is singular and her is singular.)
EXERCISE # 3
Find the antecedents.
Underline the pronoun in each sentence. Write its antecedent in the blank.
Ex.
The carpenter picked up his hammer. _____carpenter____________
1. Jackie slammed the door and broke it. _________________________
2. Two members have not paid their dues. _________________________
3. Steve put on his hat and coat.
_________________________
4. The navigator of the plane plotted its course. _____________________
5. Vivian and I rehearsed our duet.
_________________________
6. This class has definitely lost its way.
_________________________
7. Carly and Shauna played with their friends. _______________________
8. Our teacher, Mrs. Jones, told Mafalda that she was being a bad student.____________________
9. Mr. X stole spy secrets and sold them for a lot of money. ___________________________
10. They told me all of their secrets.
__________________________
5.
PREPOSITIONS
Prepositions indicate the relation of a noun or pronoun to some other word in a sentence.
Here is a list of some common prepositions:
about
behind
except
above
below
for
across
beside
from
after
between
in
against
beyond
inside
along
by
into
among
concerning
like
around
despite
near
at
down
of
before
during
off
on
out
over
past
since
through
throughout
to
toward
under
Ex. The students walked to the school.
The students walked from the school.
The students walked through the school.
The students walked into the school.
The students walked past the school.
underneath
until
up
upon
with
within
without
The students walked by the school.
The students walked toward the school.
The students walked near the school.
The students walked around the school.
The students walked beside the school.
Watch out for these prepositions:
1. beside / besides
Beside means “at the side of” (She placed the book beside the bed.)
Besides means “in addition to” (He thinks of others besides himself.)
2. between / among (amongst)
Between refers to two (2) persons or things.
Keep the secret strictly between you and me.
Among refers to more than two (2) persons or things.
My siblings and I split the cookies amongst ourselves.
EXERCISE # 4
Underline the prepositions in the following sentences.
1. Come to the dance.
2. Find me the puzzle piece that goes in the top corner.
3. Take that garbage past the city limits.
4. Look underneath the couch and you will find your glasses.
5. I want peanut butter with jam on my sandwich.
6.
ADVERBS
Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
Adverbs tell how, when, where, or to what extent something happened.
Adverbs often modify verbs:
Tickets to the Taylor Swift concert sold QUICKLY.
Chrissie ALMOST fell.
Jordan’s plane arrives SOON.
Adverbs often modify adjectives:
His TREMENDOUSLY ugly mask frightened children.
The EXTREMELY tiny car ran out of gas.
Adverbs also modify other adverbs:
Lianne dances VERY well.
That young punk is QUITE pushy.
Many adverbs are formed by adding -ly to an adjective:
soft + ly = softly
busy + ly = busily
full + ly = fully
Some adverbs are not formed from adjectives:
too
so
quite
rather
just
somewhat
EXERCISE # 5
Underline the adverbs in the following sentences.
Write down the word it is modifying and whether that word is an adjective, verb, or adverb.
Ex.
He stood too closely to the campfire.
He stood too closely to the campfire.
1.
2.
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5.
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______closely is modifying the verb stood___
______too is modifying the adverb closely___
The president just signed the bill.
The votes are still being counted.
Marge does exceptionally fine work.
Mr. Finklestein completely forgot to go to his appointment.
The current is too dangerous for swimming.
Did you answer the judge’s question honestly?
Paramedics were on the scene immediately.
The lecturer, Miss Yabbadabba, spoke frankly and effectively.
Nicole is constantly texting on her phone.
She ran from the room.
7.
CONJUNCTIONS
A CONJUNCTION is a word that connects words or groups of words.
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS are used to join single words or groups of words of the same kind.
The most common coordinating conjunctions are:
AND
BUT
OR
Valerie AND Carl prepared the Power Point presentation.
The paint cracked AND peeled.
The best man’s toast was short BUT sweet.
You can eat chocolate OR vanilla ice cream.
Some conjunctions are used in pairs. They are called CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS.
BOTH the manager AND her assistant worked late.
NEITHER Phil NOR Ian had enough money to pay for the tickets.
I didn’t know WHETHER to shoot the puck OR pass it.
8.
INTERJECTIONS
An INTERJECTION is a word or group of words used to express strong feeling.
An interjection is followed by an exclamation mark.
My goodness!
Aha!
Oh!
Phew!
Gosh!
Hey!
Oh no! I can’t believe this.
Wow! Did you see that?
That ball hit me right on the elbow. Ouch!
Look out!
Great!
Gee!
Oops!
EXERCISE # 6
Identify the parts of speech that are underlined in each sentence.
1. Unleaded gasoline is used in most cars. ___________________________________________
2. Has Brad Pitt starred in any new movies lately?_____________________________________
3. Somebody lost a glove.________________________________________________________
4. The detective was completely baffled.____________________________________________
5. Hey! Don’t you see the traffic?__________________________________________________
6. Is the furnace fueled by oil or gas?_______________________________________________
7. The magician disappeared right in front of our eyes._________________________________
8. One of the tires has a nail in it.__________________________________________________
9. Behind the stairway there is a secret door.________________________________________
10. I don’t usually enjoy listening to lectures._________________________________________
11. Hurry! Pass me that rusty wrench by the broken sink.
Hurry_____________ Pass____________ me____________
Rusty_____________ wrench__________ by____________
broken____________ sink______________
that________________
the_________________