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Name ____________________ Date ________________ Period ______ Species/Speciation A species consists of one or more populations of individuals that can ___________________________________________________________________ Isolating Mechanisms Maintain Separate Species Define Geographic Isolation. Write the term for the isolation events to the right of Reproductive Isolation ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION: Geographic Isolation __________________________ Isolation (mating or zygote formation is blocked) Potential mates occupy overlapping ranges but reproduce at different times Potential mates meet but cannot figure out what to do about it SYMPATRIC SPECIATION: Reproductive Isolation Potential mates attempt engagement but sperm cannot be successfully transferred Sperm is transferred but egg is not fertilized (gametes dies or are incompatible) Potential mates occupy different local habitats within the same area Potential mates are separated by geographical barriers (oceans, mountain ranges, etc.) _________________________ Isolation (Hybrids don’t work) Egg is fertilized but zygote or embryo dies First-generation hybrid forms but shows very low fitness Hybrid is sterile or partially so For the following examples, which reproductive barrier is used? Note: Barrier can be pre- or post-zygotic. 1. __________________________ Dog breeders maintain the purity of breeds by keeping dogs of different breeds apart when they are fertile. 2. __________________________ Two species of pine shed their pollen at different times 3. __________________________ Two species of orchids with different floral anatomy 4. __________________________ Two species of trout that breed in different seasons 5. __________________________ Two species of meadowlarks with different mating songs 6. ___________________________ A horse and a donkey create a mule, which is sterile (infertile) 7. ___________________________ A farmer plants two crops of the same plant three weeks apart. The first crop each crop flowers for about a week, approximately four weeks after planting. 8. __________________________ Two species of garter snakes live in the same region, but one lives in water and the other lives on land 9. __________________________ A species of flowering plant is successfully fertilized with pollen from a different species of plant. Seeds form and are dispersed by the wind. These seeds germinate and give rise to young hybrid plants. However, these hybrid plants are not very strong and are easily killed by drought and disease and rarely survive to reproductive age. 10. __________________________ Mating fruit flies recognize the appearance, odor, tapping motions, and sounds of members of their own species, but not of other species 11. __________________________ The scarlet oak is adapted to moist bottomland, whereas the black oak is adapted to dry upland soils 12. Several closely related frog species of the genus Rana can be found in the forests of the southeastern United States. a. ____________________Males of one species sing only during rainy conditions; males of another species sing only when it is not raining. b. __________________________ One species lives only in tree holes; another species lives only in streams. c. __________________________ Females of one species choose mates based on song quality; females of another species choose mates on the basis of size. d. __________________________ One species mates for two weeks in early April; another species mates for three weeks in early May. e. __________________________ Males of one species are too small to perform amplexus (an action that stimulates ovulation) with females of all other species. 13. __________________________ Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum) and one–seeded juniper (J. monosperma) have overlapping ranges. Pollen grains (which contain sperm cells) from one species are unable to germinate and make pollen tubes on female ovules (which contain egg cells) of the other species. 14. ____________________________________ The male of a given species of frog uses distinctive calls to attract mates. Two populations of these frogs coexist in a single pond but never interbreed because their mating calls are different. Females of one population will not respond to the calls of a male of the other populations. 15. __________________________ A certain species of flea feeds only on pronghorn antelopes. In rangelands of the western United States, pronghorns and cattle often associate with one another. Some of these fleas develop a strong preference for cattle blood and mate only with other fleas that prefer cattle blood. 16. __________________________ Males of different species of the fruit fly Drosophila that live in the same parts of the Hawaiian Islands have different elaborate courtship rituals. These rituals involve fighting other males and making stylized movements that attract females. 17. ____________________________________ A lion and tiger mate and create a Liger, which is usually sterile and in poor health. 18. __________________________ Some species of Anopheles mosquito live in brackish water, some in running fresh water, and others in stagnant water. 19. Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum) and one–seeded juniper (J. monosperma) have overlapping ranges. If pollen grains (which contain sperm cells) from one species are unable to germinate and make pollen tubes on female ovules (which contain egg cells) of the other species, then which of these terms are applicable? 1. sympatric species 2. prezygotic isolation 3. postzygotic isolation 4. allopatric species 5. habitat isolation 6. reduced hybrid fertility A) 1 and 2 and 6 B) 2 and 4 C) 1, 3 and 6 Reproductive Barriers D) 2, 4, and 5 E) 1, 2, 5, Prezygotic Barriers Geographic isolation-species occur in different places Ecological isolation-species utilize different resources Behavioral isolation-species perform different courtship behavior Temporal isolation-species breed at different times Mechanical isolation-structural differences prevent sperm or pollen transfer Gametic isolation-sex cells incompatible; no fusion of egg & sperm Postzygotic Barriers Hybrids do not develop properly Hybrids do not survive in environment