Download ap exam review: key terms, people, concepts

AP EXAM REVIEW: KEY TERMS, PEOPLE, CONCEPTS
HISTORY & APPROACHES 2-4%
PEOPLE:
MARY WHITON CALKINS – 1ST APA FEMALE PRES.
CHARLES DARWIN – NAT. SEL., EVOLUTION, ORIGIN OF SPECIES
DOROTHEA DIX – MENTAL HOSPITALS REVOLUTION IN US
SIGMUND FREUD – PA
G. STANLEY HALL – 1ST TO DESCRIBE ADOLESCENCE “STORM &
STRESS
`
WILLIAM JAMES – FATHER OF PSYCH IN US
IVAN PAVLOV – DISCOVERED CC
JEAN PIAGET – COGNITIVE RESEARCH/SCHEMAS, STAGES
CARL ROGERS – HUMANISTIC/ UPR
BF SKINNER – OC/ BEHAVIORIST
MARGARET FLOY WASHBURN –1ST FEMALE PHD/ 2ND FEMALE APA
JOHN B WATSON – CC & EMOTIONS (LITTLE ALBERT)/
PARENTING & ADVERTISING
WILHELM WUNDT -- INTROSPECTION– FATHER OF SCIENTIFIC
PSYCH – 1ST PSYCH LAB – STRUCTURALISM – ALSO TITCHENER
PHILOSOPHY SHAPED EARLY PSYCH:
ARISTOTLE/PLATO
DESCARTES
LOCKE – TABULA RASA
EARLY YEARS:
STRUCTURALISM
FUNCTIONALISM
BEHAVIORISM – PAVLOV DISCOVERY
LATER:
GESTALT
PA/PSYCHODYNAMIC
BEHAVIORISM – OC & SKINNER
HUMANISM
CONTEMPORARY:
EVOLUTIONARY
BIOLOGICAL
COGNITIVE
PSYCH DOMAINS:
BIOLOGICAL
CLINICAL
COGNITIVE
COUNSELING
DEVELOPMENTAL
EDUCATIONAL
EXPERIMENTAL
HUMAN FACTORS
INDUSTRIAL-ORGANIZATIONAL
PERSONALITY
PSYCHOMETRIC
SOCIAL
WILLIAM JAMES: PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOLOGY – 1ST TEXT –
FUNCTIONALISM
GESTALT PSYCH – (MAX WERTHEIMER) – EXAMINE PERSON’S TOTAL
EXPERIENCE & CONTEXT – PERCEPTION MORE THAN JUST PARTS OF
WHOLE
APPROACHES/PERSPECTIVES – YOU ARE WHO YOU ARE BECAUSE …
BEHAVIORISM – 1920-1960S DOMINATES (CONDITIONING)
IVAN PAVLOV & CLASSICAL COND. (STIMULI &
RESPONSE)
JOHN WATSON & LITTLE ALBERT – ADDS TO PAVLOV
OPERANT CONDITIONING (REINFORCEMENT & PUNISHMENT) – BF
SKINNER (OPERANT CHAMBER/ SKINNER’S BOX)
HUMANISTIC – 60S & 70S – HIPPIES
MASLOW (HIERARCHY OF NEEDS)
ROGERS (GROW OAK TREES)
FREE WILL AND INDIV CHOICES
HUMANS ARE GOOD
PSYCHOANALYSIS/PSYCHODYNAMICS
SIGMUND FREUD & NEOFREUDIANS
UNCONSCIOUS MIND – (ID, EGO, SUPEREGO) CONFLICT AND
MOTIVATIONS
DREAM ANALYSIS
REPRESSION, ANXIETY, AND DEFENSE MECHANISMS
BIOLOGICAL/BIOPSYCHOLOGY/NEUROSCIENCE
COGNITION AND HUMAN REACTIONS MAY BE CAUSED BY GENES
INHERITED, HORMONES, NEUROTRANSMITTERS, BRAIN -- BRAIN
IMAGING
EVOLUTIONARY
CHARLES DARWIN – ORIGIN OF SPECIES – NATURAL SELECTION –
WE’VE EVOLVED
COGNITIVE
THINKING AND FEELING
SELF TALK AND SLEF ATTRIBUTIONS
CHANGE THOUGHTS – CHANGE MOOD
LOOK AT HOW INTERPRET, PROCESS, AND REMEMBER
SOCIO-CULTURAL/MULTICULTURAL
LOOK AT HOW THOUGHTS AND BEHAVIORS VARY
ACROSS CULTURES
RESEARCH METHODS – 8-10%
TYPES OF RESEARCH: (PURPOSE, STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES)
EXPERIMENTS
CORRELATIONAL STUDIES
SURVEY RESEARCH
NATURALISTIC OBSERVATIONS
CASE STUDIES
RESEARCH DESIGN DETERMINES CONCLUSIONS THAT CAN BE MADE –
EXPERIMENTS USE FOR C&E – USE EXPERIMENTAL CONTROLS TO REDUCE
ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATIONS (INTERVENING VARIABLES)
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN:
RELY UPON OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS & MEASUREMENT IN
BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE VS DEPENDENT VARIABLE
CONFOUNDING VARIABLES – LIMIT CONFIDENCE & VALIDITY
CONTROL VARIABLES
RANDOM SELECTION/SAMPLE (SURVEYS & CORRELATIONS) VS RANDOM
ASSIGNMENT
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
INTERPRET GRAPHS
CENTRAL TENDENCY =MEAN, MEDIAN, MODE
STANDARD DEVIATION
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
ETHICAL ISSUES – INFORM & CONSTRAIN RESEARCH
ETHICAL GUIDELINES: -- PROTECT PARTICIPANTS & PROMOTE SOUND
ETHICAL PRACTICE
APA
FEDERAL REGULATIONS
LOCAL/UNIVERSITY INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARDS
TERMS: HINDSIGHT BIAS, APPLIED VS BASIC RESEARCH,
EXPERIMENTS – (CAUSE & EFFECT) INDEPENDENT VS DEPENDENT
VARIABLE, EXPERIMENTAL VS CONTROL GROUP (HAWTHORNE EFFECT –
AFFECT PERFORMANCE JUST BY SELECTING EXPER. GROUP), PLACEBO,
PLACEBO EFFECT, EXPERIMENTER BIAS, SUBJECT BIAS, CONFOUNDING
VARIABLES, RANDOM SAMPLING, RANDOM ASSIGNMENT (CONTROLS FOR
PARTICIPANT-RELEVANT CONFOUNDING VARIABLES/RESPONSE OR
PARTICIPANT BIAS LIKE DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS OR SOCIAL
DESIRABILITY ANSWERS), SINGLE & DOUBLE BLINDS, GROUP MATCHING,
STRATIFIED SAMPLING, SAMPLE, GENERALIZATION OF RESULTS (USE
RANDOM & REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLES) , HYPOTHESIS (CAN’T BE
PROVEN), THEORY, OPERATIONAL DEFINITION, VALIDITY, RELIABILITY,
REPLICATION, PARTICIPANTS/SUBJECTS, CONFEDERATES, POPULATION,
REPRESENTATIVE, RANDOM SELECTION (PICK FROM HAT), SITUATIONRELEVANT CONFOUNDING VARIABLES, LABORATORY VS FIELD
EXPERIMENTS
CORRELATIONAL STUDIES – DOES NOT IMPLY CAUSATION, POSITIVE OR
NEGATIVE CORRELATION, EX POST FACTO STUDY, IF NO RELATIONSHIP
B/W 2 VARIABLES, THEN NO CORRELATION, STRONG OR WEAK
(CORRELATION COEFFICIENT -- -1 TO +1 / 0 MEANS NO COR.)
CORRELATION GRAPHED W/ SCATTER PLOT & LINE OF BEST FIT OR
REGRESSION LINE
SURVEYS – LOW RESPONSE RATE, NOT ALWAYS TRUTHFUL
NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION – IN NATURAL HABITAT, VS FIELD
EXPERIMENT
CASE STUDY – SMALL GROUP BUT MORE DETAIL
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS –(SIMPLY DESCRIBE SET OF DATA) STATS
INCLUDE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION LIKE FREQUENCY POLYGONS (LINE
GRAPHS) OR HISTOGRAMS (BAR GRAPHS), Y-AXIS – VERTICAL, X-AXIS –
HORIZONTAL, MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY (MEAN, MEDIAN,
MODE), EXTREME SCORES OR OUTLIERS SKEW DISTRIBUTIONS,
POSITIVELY SKEWED – CONTAINS MORE LOW SCORES THAN HIGH ONES,
NEGATIVELY SKEWED – CONTAINS MORE HIGH SCORES THAN LOW,
RANGE, VARIANCE, STANDARD DEVIATION (SQUARE ROOT OF THE
VARIANCE) – THE HIGHER THE MORE SPREAD OUT THE DISTRIBUTION IS
(FROM THE MEAN), Z SCORES (DISTANCE FROM MEAN IN STANDARD
DEVIATION UNITS) – NEGATIVE Z SCORE VS POSITIVE Z SCORES, NORMAL
CURVE – BELL SHAPE (68% OF SCORES FALL WITHI 1 STANDARD DEV. OF
MEAN, 95% W/IN 2 S.D., 99% W/IN 3 S.D.), PERCENTILES – DISTANCE OF
SCORE FROM 0 – 90 PERCENTILE ABOVE 90% OF PEOPLE
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS – PURPOSE: TO DETERMINE WHETHER FINDINGS
CAN BE APPLIED TO THE LARGER POPULATION FROM WHICH THE SAMPLE
WAS SELECTED, SAMPLING ERROR (SAMPLE DIFFERS FROM POPULATION –
CAN’T GENERALIZE), USE T TESTS, ANOVAs, MANOVAs TO TEST
(LOOK AT MAGNITUDE IN DIFFERENCE B/W EXPER & CONTROL GROUP
AND SIZE OF SAMPLE) – ALL YIELD p value (SMALLER VALUES = MORE
SIGNIFICANT RESLUTS – p value OF .05 MEANS THAT A 5% CHANCE EXIST
THAT THE RESULTS OCCURRED BY CHANCE – NEVER GET p value OF ZERO)
APA ETHICAL GUIDELINES – ACADEMIC RESEARCH MUST BE 1ST PROPOSE
TO ETHICS/ INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD (IRB),
ANIMALS – A) CLEAR SCIENTIFIC PURPOSE, B) CARE FOR AND HOUSE IN
HUMANE WAY, C) ACQUIRE SUBJECTS LEGALLY (USUALLY FROM
ACCREDITED COMPANY), D) LEAST AMOUNT OF SUFFERING FEASIBLE
HUMANS – A) VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION (NO COERCION), B)
INFORMED CONSENT, C) ANONYMITY/CONFIDENTIALITY, D) NO
SIGNIFICANT MENATL OR PHYSICAL RISK (ESP. LONG TERM), E)
DEBRIEFING
LONGITUDINAL STUDIES – DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCH
CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES – ACROSS CULTURE & SOCIETY