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Memory - Part 1 Goals of the day: Overview Encoding Storage Your memories Write down your three most vivid memories Why are they your most vivid? Related to stress or pleasure, thus adaptive to remember them What is memory? The ability to store and recall information Three basic information processing steps in memory: Input Storage Retrieval Encoding Encoding: getting information into the brain Automatic processing: unconscious encoding of incidental information (space, time, frequency) Effortful processing: encoding that requires attention and conscious effort (remembering, names, learning school work for a test, memorizing lines for a play) How can we boost the learning of new information: rehearsal (conscious repetition of novel information to maintain it for use or encode it for storage) Why does it take so much effort to learn most novel information? Otherwise, be overwhelmed by trivia. Rehearsal Ebbinghaus’ retention curves Overlearning improves retention Serial Position Effect How would you report on your first semester in college to your parents A” in Spanish; “C-” in calculus, “B+” in biology; elected as president of journalism club; 3 traffic tickets Serial position effect : we remember first and last items in a list better than those in middle; but after a delay, people remember first items best Spacing Effect What is the best way to study for exams? The night before or a little bit each day? Spacing effect: longer the space between practice sessions, the better the recall Types of encoding Semantic (meaning) Acoustic (sound) Visual (sight) Which works best? Imagery and memory mnemonic devices Organizing Information Chunking: organizing information into meaningful units Hierarchies: organizing information into broad categories, subdivided into smaller ones (20 questions) Sensory memory storage Iconic memory: fleeting photographic memory Echoic memory: fleeing, "photographic" auditory memory Short and long term memory Short term memory: activated memory that holds few bits of information (about 7), for a short period of time (about 10 seconds) Long term memory: relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of information in the memory system How durable are memories? will all this money and effort for college be worth it? will you remember anything you've learned? forgetting curve Is memory stored like video tape? No, typically embellished and recreated Where is memory stored? Not in single spots (Lashley and Gerard experiments); synaptic changes Emotional Experiences and memory The stronger the emotional experience, the stronger the memory. Makes sense from an evolutionary point of view: if you forget where you were attacked or by what, not likely to be around to reproduce. Serotonin (neurotransmitter associated with pleasurable experiences) and stress hormones both facilitate memory formation Explicit and Implicit LTM Explicit memory: conscious recall (facts, names) Hippocampus: temporary processing site for explicit memories Implicit memory: non-conscious recall (skills, conditioning effects) Cerebellum: seems to be where implicit memory is located Explicit and implicit memories are not a unified system amnesia victims can still ride a bicycle