* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download ERP Background 2 100406
Ukrainian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Germanic strong verb wikipedia , lookup
Germanic weak verb wikipedia , lookup
Ojibwe grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old Norse morphology wikipedia , lookup
Macedonian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Portuguese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Kannada grammar wikipedia , lookup
Compound (linguistics) wikipedia , lookup
Arabic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Navajo grammar wikipedia , lookup
Japanese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Lexical semantics wikipedia , lookup
Swedish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old English grammar wikipedia , lookup
Scottish Gaelic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Zulu grammar wikipedia , lookup
French grammar wikipedia , lookup
Georgian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old Irish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Russian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Esperanto grammar wikipedia , lookup
Chinese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Kagoshima verb conjugations wikipedia , lookup
Modern Hebrew grammar wikipedia , lookup
Icelandic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Malay grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Serbo-Croatian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Polish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Spanish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Latin syntax wikipedia , lookup
Some Different Kinds of Things You Know as English Speakers What’s wrong with each of the following? !ort sfort bort ‘Twas brillig, and the slithy toves Did gyre and gimbel in the wabe. The cats won’t bake the meat loaf. The cats won’t eating the meat loaf. Some ERP Components Related to Language N400 = ERP component related to meaning - Bigger when word’s meaning doesn’t fit context - Bigger for unfamiliar words - May reflect amount of work required to integrate with context P600 = ERP component related to form - Bigger when word property other than meaning wrong or hard to process - May be a type of P300 - Sometimes called Syntactic Positive Shift (SPS) Can evoke both at once - But not always as nice as here! - Depending on size of each component & timing of P600, can partially or completely cancel each other out Priming in Word Comprehension A word preceded by something related to it is recognized & understood faster & more easily tree tree blanket job doctor nurse Faster pencil window … blanket job sports nurse Slower pencil window … Coulson, Federmeier, Van Petten, & Kutas (2005) How do priming effects of lexical & sentence-level context compare, & do they add or interact? Stimulus Materials: Congruous sentence plus highly associated word: They were truly stuck, since she didn’t have a spare TIRE. Congruous sentence but no associated word: During the test, Ellen leaned over and borrowed my spare PENCIL. Incongruous sentence plus highly associated word: During the test, Ellen leaned over and borrowed my spare TIRE. Incongruous sentence but no associated word: They were truly stuck, since she didn’t have a spare PENCIL. N400 Word pairs only __ spare tire … spare pencil Word-in-sentence fx __ …stuck… spare tire …test… spare pencil … …stuck … spare pencil …test … spare tire N400 Sentence context fx __ …stuck… tire …test… pencil --- …stuck… pencil …test… tire Conclusions When a word is at the end of a sentence it fits into well, it doesn’t matter much whether the word right before it is an associate But out of sentence context, does matter So, by the end of a sentence, sentence context trumps individual word associations Word associations (& word familiarity) have more influence for words near the beginnings of sentences Relationships Among Words in Sentences “A University student charged with threatening to kill the President via email was arrested Thursday, following issuance of a complaint and warrant, officials said.” - Daily Illini, 2/27/94 Being Led “Down the Garden Path” “A University student charged with threatening to kill the President via email Y X A Slightly More Subtle Example “Marge Schott, managing partner of the Cincinnati Reds, at first did not want to apologize for her remark that Hitler‘was good at the beginning but he just went too far’. Under pressure, she finally said that she regretted her remarks ‘offended many people’.” - NY Times, 7/21/96, Tannen, I’m sorry, I won’t apologize that "Under pressure, she finally said that she regretted ^ her remarks 'offended many people'." What did she regret? Not her remarks, only their consequences But her choice of wording gives the appearance of expressing regret for what she said Including an optional that would have made it clearer Temporary Structural Ambiguity that The referees warned the spectators against heckling the other team. would probably get too rowdy. ^ Temporary ambiguity about relationship between the Verb & the Noun after it Is the noun A Direct Object (DO) , or Subject of an Embedded Clause? Ambiguity arises because that optional (in English) Verb Bias Verbs differ in how often they're used in particular sentence structures Compare The referees warned the spectators ... with The bus driver worried the passengers ... warned = Direct-Object Biased Verb worried = Clause-Biased Verb In English, verb's most likely use guides choices about initial interpretation of words following it Plausibility of Noun as Direct Object Plausibility of particular Verb + Noun combinations varies Compare The referees warned the spectators ... with The referees warned the game ... In English, plausibility of a particular Verb + Noun combination sometimes guides initial interpretation Example Sentences DO-Bias Verbs: (e.g., warned, discovered, heard ...) The referees warned the spectators would probably get too rowdy. The referees warned the game would probably go into overtime. Clause-Bias Verbs: (e.g., worried, realized, suspected ...) The bus driver worried the passengers were starting to get annoyed. The bus driver worried the tires were starting to go flat. EQ-bias Verbs: (e.g., regretted, predicted, knew, ...) The senior senator regretted the decision had ever been made public. The senior senator regretted the reporter had ever seen the report. Results of Reading Time Studies DO-Bias Verbs: The referees warned the spectators would probably get too rowdy. The referees warned the game would probably go into overtime. read slowly Clause-Bias Verbs: The bus driver worried the passengers were starting to get annoyed. The bus driver worried the tires were starting to go flat. EQ-Bias Verbs: read slowly The senior senator regretted the decision had ever been made public. The senior senator regretted the reporter had ever seen the report. Verb Bias Rules (in English)! No effect of the Plausibility of the Verb + Noun combination when the Verb had a strong bias But Plausibility did have an effect when the Verb had no bias So, the two factors interact, with Verb Bias dominating the interaction Limitation of Eyetracking Study Verb Bias & Plausibility both have the same kind of effect on reading time People slow down when expectations based on either kind of information are violated Are there other measures that would better distinguish the two kinds of information? Yes, Event-Related brain Potentials (ERPs) Stimulus Presentation in ERP Study Were the referees expecting overtime. probably referees warned would game The into the go 1 a long game? READY QUESTION Waveforms Starting at Temporarily Ambiguous Noun Pz DO-Bias Verbs (warned) Plausible Noun: The referees warned the spectators ... Final word -6 -3 0 3 6 0 650 1300 1950 2600 Msec spectators Question Waveforms Starting at Temporarily Ambiguous Noun N400 Pz DO-Bias Verbs (warned) Plausible Noun: The referees warned the spectators ... Implausible Noun The referees warned the game ... -6 -3 0 3 6 0 650 1300 Msec spectators/ game 1950 2600 Waveforms Starting at Temporarily Ambiguous Noun DO-Bias Verbs (warned) Plausible Noun: The referees warned the spectators ... Implausible Noun The referees warned the game ... N400 Pz -6 -3 0 3 6 0 650 1300 1950 2600 1950 2600 Msec spectators/ game Clause-Bias Verbs (worried) -6 -3 Plausible Noun: The bus driver worried the passengers ... 0 3 Implausible Noun: 6 The bus driver worried the tires ... 0 650 1300 Msec passengers/ tires Waveforms Starting at Temporarily Ambiguous Noun DO-Bias Verbs (warned) Plausible Noun: The referees warned the spectators ... Implausible Noun The referees warned the game ... N400 Pz -6 -3 0 3 6 0 650 1300 1950 2600 1950 2600 Msec spectators/ P600 game Clause-Bias Verbs (worried) -6 -3 Plausible Noun: The bus driver worried the passengers ... 0 3 Implausible Noun: 6 The bus driver worried the tires ... 0 650 1300 Msec passengers/ tires Summary In both reading time & ERP studies, Verbs rule Difficulty at an Implausible Noun only after a Verb that strongly predicts a Direct Object Difficulty at the disambiguating region only after a Verb that strongly predicts a Direct Object Why do verbs rule? Principled reasons: They provide the most useful information Information about them may be simply retrieved, while plausibility requires combining information from multiple words More accidental reasons: They precede the critical nouns in these sentences [ but, see Trueswell (1996) ] They generally appear early in English sentences, leading English speakers to rely on them Individual Differences Osterhout (1997) Another harder kind of Garden Path sentence that was The boat floated down the river sank. ^ (The evidence examined by the lawyer turned out to be unreliable.) Stimulus Sentences The boat floated down the river and sank. The boat floated down the river and ate. The boat floated down the river sank. Results Across All Subjects N400 N400 P600 Results across just “P600 Subjects” P600 Results across just “N400 Subjects” N400 Individual Differences So, different people produce different ERP components in response to exactly the same stimuli ! What does that mean both about How people respond to Garden Path sentences? & The nature of the different ERP components? Kim & Osterhout (2005) Experiment 1 Stimulus Sentences The hearty meal was devoured … The hungry boys were devouring … The hearty meal was devouring … N400 or P600 at devouring??? Experiment 1 Results P600 P600 Experiment 2 Stimulus Sentences The hearty meal was devoured … The dusty tabletops were devouring … The hearty meal was devouring … N400 or P600 at devouring after dusty tabletops??? Experiment 2 Results N400? P600 McGurk Effect Acoustic stimulus = /ba/ Visual stimulus = face /ga/ Hear /da/ = fused audiovisual stimulus Mismatch Negativity (MMN) (Naatanen & many colleagues) Deviant sound occurring infrequently in train of frequent sounds Evokes a frontal negativity around 200 msec = MMN Initially thought to be purely auditory change detection Source localization points to auditory cortex e.g., polarity reversal between Fz & Mastoids Colin et al. (2002, 2005) Auditory-only conditions show MMN MMN MMN Visual-only conditions show no MMN (as expected) McGurk conditions do show MMN /gi/Dev = hear /bi/, see /gi/ MMN /bi/Dev = hear /gi/, see /bi/ MMN Conclusions MMN tracks perception rather than simple acoustics If generated in auditory cortex, Shows that visual info influences early sound processing, probably in auditory cortex itself