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The Islamic Empires
of
the
16th Century
The Islamic Empires
Three of the greatest empires in world history dominate the
Near East and South Asia from 1500-1800
Ottoman Empire (Balkans, Middle East & Eastern Europe)
Safavid Empire (Persia)
Mogul Empire (India)
Safavid Empire
Ottoman Empire
Mogul Empire
The Ottoman Empire (1299-1923)
In 10th century, Turkic nomads enter Middle East & convert
to Islam
Fierce warriors, many settle down and become like their
Byzantine and Persian neighbors
100 years later, they found the
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire (1299-1923)
Mehmet II (r. 1451-1481)
Expands the Ottoman Empire
into Southern Europe
Conquers Constantinople!
(1453)
Becomes capital
of Ottoman
Empire
Topkapi Palace (built 1463)
Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
Conquered much of North Africa, Central Europe,
Eastern Mediterranean, relied on gunpowder
Called the “Lawgiver” for government reform,
cultural achievements and simplifying system of
taxation
Controlled trade routes into interior
The Ottoman Empire (1299-1923)
The Ottoman Empire (1299-1923)
Strong central government
State religion: Sunni Islam
Followed Islamic law (sharia)
Other religions tolerated
Arts, sciences and literature flourish
The Safavid Dynasty (1501-1722)
Shah Ismail I : Founder
Came to power at age twelve
Conquered Persia (modern-day Iran)
Took title of “Shah” (king)
The Safavid Empire (1501-1722)
Strong central government
State religion: Shia Islam
Large wealthy middle class: people rich from trade
Golden Age of 1588-1629 (under Shah Abbas I): increased
knowledge in science, medicine, mathematics and the arts
Safavid Empire most famous for its silk and carpet weavings
“Youthful Lovers” by Reza Abbasi (1565–1635)
The Safavid Dynasty (1501-1722)
The Taj Mahal (1648)
Babur (1494-1530)
Age eleven: inherited kingdom in Central Asia
Elders took it away and drove him to the south
Raised army, swept south into modern-day India and laid
foundation for the Mogul Empire
Akbar (1556-1605)
Known as the “Great One”
Expanded the Mogul Empire throughout Indian
Subcontinent
Equipped army with heavy artillery
Very religiously tolerant: created a peaceful India for
Hindus and Muslims
Turned enemies into allies
Unified land of 100 million people
The Mogul Empire (1526-1857)
Located in India
Moguls: Muslim rulers descended from Genghis Khan
Early Mogul Empire noted for religious tolerance
Produced finest and most elegant art and architecture in the
history of Muslim dynasties in India
Both Hindu and Muslim artists collaborated
Empire commanded wealth and resources unparalleled in
Indian history
The Mogul Empire (1526-1857)
th
16
China in the
Century:
The Ming Dynasty
The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)
20
The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)
Kublai Khan dies in 1294 and the Mongols lose control of
China
A series of rebellions drive them out
In 1368, a rebel leader named Zhu Yuanzhang becomes
Emperor.
He unites the country and sets up his capital at Nanjing in
southern China.
There, he founds the Ming, or “Brilliant,” dynasty.
The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)
After 30 years, his son Yong Le becomes Emperor
1421: Yong Le moves the capital north to Beijing and builds a
large area of palaces and government buildings known as the
Imperial City
The center of the Imperial City was known as the Forbidden City.
Yong Le
The Forbidden City
The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)
Ming Dynasty considered “one of the greatest eras of
orderly government and social stability in human history.”
Why?
Ming emperors made all the decisions but educated officials
carry out their orders.
Every few years Ming officials compiled a census to collect
taxes more accurately.
In the early years of the Ming dynasty, China’s economy
began to grow.
Rising Economy
Canals and farms destroyed by the Mongols are rebuilt
Forests are planted and new roads paved
Agriculture thrived on new farmland
Grand Canal repaired: rice and other goods could be
shipped north to south
New types of rice imported from southeast Asia
This helped feed the growing number of people living in
cities
Rising Economy
The Ming supported silk industry and encouraged farmers
to grow cotton and weave cloth.
China becomes wealthy through production of fine silk,
cloth, paper, pearls, and porcelain.
The Voyages of Zheng He
The Seven Expeditions of Zheng He
(1405-1433)
Early Ming emperors curious about the world outside of China
They wanted the rest of the world to know about China
So, they built a huge fleet of ships
From 1405 to 1431, Emperor Yong Le sent the fleet on seven
overseas voyages.
He wanted to trade with other kingdoms, show off China’s power, and
demand that weaker kingdoms pay tribute.
The leader of these journeys was a Chinese Muslim and court official
named Zheng He.
Zheng He (1371-)
Born to Hui people in modern-day southwestern Yunnan
Province, still under Mongol influence
Religious affiliation: Islam, syncretism with Taoism and
Buddhism
Taken to Nanjing as a eunuch to serve in Ming Imperial
Household; becomes Head Eunuch
Confidant of the Third Emperor of the Ming Dynasty
Appointed Admiral: as a Muslim he could more easily
negotiate with Muslim merchants on Indian Ocean
The Seven Expeditions of Zheng He
(1405-1433)
Seven naval expeditions to over 30 countries sponsored by
the Ming in order to:
Establish/maintain Chinese presence in SE Asia
Impress foreigners from the Indian Ocean
Impose imperial control over trade
Extend tributary system and collect pledges of loyalty from
other kingdoms
The Seven Expeditions of Zheng He
(1405-1433)
Over 300 ships including 62 treasure ships (called junks)
28,000 crew: sailors, clerks, interpreters, officers, soldiers,
artisans, doctors, traders, astrologers
Largest naval force in world history before World War I
Another example contrasting ship size…
The largest ship was over 440 ft long, making it more than five times as
long as the Santa Maria that Christopher Columbus sailed 90 years later.
The Voyages of Zheng He
The Seven Expeditions of Zheng He
(1405-1433)
Zheng He took his first fleet to SE Asia.
In later voyages he reached India, sailed up the Persian Gulf
to Arabia, and even landed in East Africa
He traded Chinese goods, like silk, paper and porcelain for
black silver, spices, wood and other goods.
When he was in Africa he bought giraffes and other animals
for the Emperor’s zoo.
As a result of these voyages, Chinese merchants settled in
Southeast Asia and India where they traded goods and spread
Chinese culture.
The Voyages End
Despite the benefits of the voyages many Chinese officials didn’t
want them
They thought they were too expensive
They also thought it was bad for China to be exposed to new ideas
from the outside world:
Confucius taught that people should place loyalty to society
ahead of their own desires and to the Chinese officials, China’s
merchants were disobeying this by working to gain money for
themselves.
After Zheng He’s death in 1433, the Confucian officials persuaded
the new emperor to stop the voyages.
The boats were taken apart and no more were allowed to be built.
China’s trade with other countries declined and within 50 years, the
shipbuilding technology was forgotten.
The Voyages of Zheng He
Native Peoples
of the
Americas
Following Slides:
Homework and
Worksheets
Name:
Compare/Contrast:
The Ottoman, Safavid and Mogul Empires
Geographic
Ottomans
Safavids
Moguls
What do
they
hold in
common
?
Social and Economic Religious and Cultural
Date:
Political and Military