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AH2 Review Part 1 – The West/Populism In 1848-1849, millions of people moved west in search of gold Large deposit of ores (gold, silver, minerals) were found in Nevada Heads of household were given 160 acres of land in the west for free, as long as they met certain conditions (built a house, farmed at least 6 months out of the year, lived there 5 years States sold land to railroad companies in order to earn money to create “land-grant colleges” Houses built out west made of dirt, grass, mud, sticks; sometimes built into the side of a hill Built by Irish and Chinese Immigrants, this railroad connected the east coast of the United States to the West Coast of the United States, meeting at Promontory Point, Utah. African Americans who moved west after the abolition of slavery to avoid persecution and start a new life. Sand Creek Massacre, Battle of Little Big Horn; conflicts over settlers moving west and taking over land. The forcing of a different culture or society upon a people or peoples Attempted to assimilate the Native Americans, divided up plots of land on which they were forced to live. Helen Hunt Jackson’s novel which described years of mistreatment of Native Americans. An organization created to help farmers fight unjust economic practices made up of the National Farmers Alliance, Southern Farmers Alliance, Colored Farmers Alliance, etc. The idea that the United States’ money should be backed by only gold; this was good for businessmen, but bad for farmers in debt The idea that the United States’ money should be backed by gold and silver; this was good for farmers who had debts to pay, as it put more money into circulation Led by William Jennings Bryan, this political party, also known as the “people’s party” which was formed mostly by farmers. It supported bimetallism and reforms which would help farmers. Supreme court case which established the state power in regulating the railroads Supreme court case which established the federal government’s power to regulate the railroads Reestablished the right to the federal government to regulate the railroads Leader of the Populist Party, he ran for president in 1896 at which point he delivered his famous “cross of gold” speech. He lost the election to William McKinley Barbed Wire, Refrigerator car, Windmill AH2 Review Part 2 – Imperialism Author of The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, describing the necessity of a strong navy for a powerful nation. Poem by Josiah Strong making a parody of the “duty” white men felt to civilize indigenous peoples The belief that whites were better than peoples of color Extreme burst of national pride following a period of yellow journalism Nickname given to the purchase of Alaska from Russia United States gained this territory after it’s queen was overthrown by Hawaiian and American businessmen Nickname given to the Spanish-American War because of its short duration Led by Theodore Roosevelt, these men charged up San Juan Hill to victory in Cuba William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer led this type of sensationalized journalism which attracted readers using bold titles and outlandish pictures Sinking of the USS Maine, DeLome Letter, Cuban Rebellion against Spain, burning of US owned sugar plantations by Cubans seeking assistance Passed before the Spanish-American War, the US told Cuba that it would not annex it Ended the Spanish American War, the United States gained the territories of Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico Cuba agreed to add this amendment on to their constitution, allowing the United States to set up a military base, agreeing not to go into debt, and allowing the United States to intervene in Cuban affairs anytime they felt it necessary. Once controlled by the United States, this connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean Ensured that the United States would be able to trade with China Chinese rebelling against foreign influence in China; killed many foreigners Added on to the Monroe Doctrine, saying that the United States would intervene in affairs of Latin America if necessary Roosevelt’s type of foreign policy, emphasizing a strong military Taft’s type of foreign policy, emphasizing economic aid Wilson’s type of foreign policy, emphasizing the spreading of American morals and ideals. AH2 Review Part 3 – The Gilded Age Elevator, Electric Trolleys, Telephone (Alexander Graham Bell), Typewriter, Bessemer Process (Steel) Immigrants from the Southern and Eastern parts of Europe who moved to the U.S. knowing little of the culture or language. Early immigrants from the Northern and Western parts of Europe who were more educated and spoke English. Author of How the Other Half Lives, a book describing the living conditions of urban immigrant families. Entrance port for the majority of European immigrants in New York Community centers developed to aid primarily urban immigrant families made famous by leaders such as Jane Addams Urban housing developed based on the idea that more windows made for better ventilation and sanitation Law in effect from 1882-1943 excluding almost all immigrants from China from entering into the United States Capitan of Industry or Robber Barron in the steel industry Andrew Carnegie’s idea that people should be able to make as much money as they can/want to, but they must give back to the community. Banker who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation during his time Capitan of Industry or Robber Barron who controlled much of the oil industry Family in control of much of the railroad industry Time period in which the extreme wealth of a few masked the poverty and corruption in the majority of society Big businessmen and industrialists who were seen as making positive contributions to society Big businessmen and industrialists who through unfair business practices amassed immense personal wealth Organization of workers who banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages, hours, and working conditions Law which placed most federal government employees on the merit system and therefore marked the end of the "spoils system." Law which aimed to regulate businesses to stop monopolistic practices, but was instead aimed at labor unions Lead by a “boss”, this corrupt organization depended on the support of immigrants who receive jobs and services in return for political votes Leader of the Tammany Hall political machine in New York City Cartoonist who frequently made Boss Tweed the subject of his drawings, showing the corruption of political machines Illegal manipulation of contracts by a construction and finance company associated with the building of the Union Pacific Railroad during President Grant’s administration Illegal diversion of tax revenues in a conspiracy among government agents, politicians, whiskey distillers, and distributors during President Grant’s administration Also known as the "'Sugar Trust Case,'" was a United States Supreme Court case that limited the government's power to control monopolies Founded the American Federation of Labor (AFL) Union leader, one of the founding members of the International Labor Union and the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) Agreement between an employer and an employee in which the employee agrees, as a condition of employment, not to be a member of a labor union AH2 Review Part 4 – Progressivism Authors and Journalists who uncovered evils of society to encourage reform. Examples: Ida Tarbell (History of the Standard Oil Company), Upton Sinclair (The Jungle), Jacob Riis (How the Other Half Lives) Many young women were killed at a textile plant fire after having no way to get out of the building Famous settlement house started by Jane Addams to help poor, urban, immigrant families. Gave permission to levy an income tax Direct election of senators by the people The Volstead Act - started Prohibition - made the manufacturing and sale of alcohol illegal. Women's suffrage - gave women the right to vote Law aimed to limit monopolies, but was instead aimed at labor unions Supreme court dissolved a rail road company monopoly made it illegal for railroad officials to give, and for companies to receive rebates for using particular railroads Governor of Wisconsin who increased the power of the states Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson all ran in this Election. Roosevelt and the Progressive (Bull Moose) Party split the republican vote, paving the way for Wilson (D) to win the presidency. Created a decentralized private banking system which divided the nation into 12 districts and established a regional bank in each district Strengthened the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, made some monopolistic practices illegal and protected the rights of labor unions and farm organizations Supreme Court case which established the “separate but equal” doctrine Civil Rights reformer who started the Tuskegee Institute for the vocational training of African Americans, gave the Atlanta Compromise Speech. Was reassuring to whites because he did not push for radical change. radical early Civil Rights Leader who pushed for African Americans to get educated in order to advance in society and gain equality. He led the Niagara Movement and was a founding member of the NAACP. Movement of African Americans from the Jim Crow south to northern cities to escape racism and gain job opportunities. To take away the vote with strategies such as literacy tests, poll taxes, and grandfather clauses Rules that enforced segregation in the South electricity, mail order catalogues, Kodak camera, movie camera, airplanes, skyscrapers $5 day, assembly line, Model T AH2 Review Part 5 – World War One His assassination was the immediate spark of WWI in Europe The building up of nations militaries Forming agreements with other countries that if one should go to the war, the other will support them A larger, more powerful country taking over a smaller, weaker country Pride in one’s nation British boat sunk by a German U-boat (a cause of the US's entry into WWI) German submarines continued with unrestricted warfare even after promising to warn foreign ships (long term cause of US entry into WWI) A note written from the Germans to Mexico promising an alliance and returned land from the U.S. if Mexico helped Germany defeat the U.S. in WWI. United States, Great Britain, Russia, France, Italy Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire President of the U.S. during WWI. He ran for re-election in 1916 and won using the slogan "He kept us out of war". Created the Fourteen Points. Required young men to register for the draft. When a country keeps to itself (the policy the United States attempted to follow at the onset of WWI in Europe) Trench Warfare,” No Man's Land", Mustard Gas, Tanks, Airplanes, Telephones Woodrow Wilson's plan for the end of WWI which aimed to create a lasting peace. This included the League of Nations. Ended WWI – punished Germany by having them accept blame for WWI and pay $33 billion in war reparations. Included the League of Nations. The US refused to ratify this treaty and made their own peace with Germany. Organization to keep peace through discussion of problems instead of war. Government agency created to oversee production of goods during the war Tactics used to convince people to support the war effort Individuals limit the amount of goods they use so that supplies can be provided for the military AH2 Review Part 5 – World War One His assassination was the immediate spark of WWI in Europe The building up of nations militaries Forming agreements with other countries that if one should go to the war, the other will support them A larger, more powerful country taking over a smaller, weaker country Pride in one’s nation British boat sunk by a German U-boat (a cause of the US's entry into WWI) German submarines continued with unrestricted warfare even after promising to warn foreign ships (long term cause of US entry into WWI) A note written from the Germans to Mexico promising an alliance and returned land from the U.S. if Mexico helped Germany defeat the U.S. in WWI. United States, Great Britain, Russia, France, Italy Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire President of the U.S. during WWI. He ran for re-election in 1916 and won using the slogan "He kept us out of war". Created the Fourteen Points. Required young men to register for the draft. When a country keeps to itself (the policy the United States attempted to follow at the onset of WWI in Europe) Trench Warfare,” No Man's Land", Mustard Gas, Tanks, Airplanes, Telephones Woodrow Wilson's plan for the end of WWI which aimed to create a lasting peace. This included the League of Nations. Ended WWI – punished Germany by having them accept blame for WWI and pay $33 billion in war reparations. Included the League of Nations. The US refused to ratify this treaty and made their own peace with Germany. Organization to keep peace through discussion of problems instead of war. Government agency created to oversee production of goods during the war Tactics used to convince people to support the war effort Individuals limit the amount of goods they use so that supplies can be provided for the military AH2 Review Part 7 – World War Two and The Early Cold War Benito Mussolini (Italy), Adolf Hitler (Germany), Emperor Hirohito (Japan), Joseph Stalin (Russia) Totalitarian leader who promised to lead Germany out of their depression and restore the country to great Agreement to outlaw war – but it could not be enforced Series of laws enacted by the United States which aimed to keep the United States out of World War II Agreement between the Soviet Union and Germany that they would not attack each other Speech given by FDR describing what Americans should fight for Allowed the US to let countries who were important to its national security borrow supplies needed for war. Site of Japanese attack on the United States which drew the US into WWII War strategy - “lightening war” Battle of Britain, Stalingrad (Turning Point), D-Day (Operation Overlord), Battle of the Bulge Battle of Midway (Turning Point), Iwo Jima, Okinawa Led the United states in the Pacific during WWII and the Korean War Battle strategy used in WWII to take over an island and then use it as a strategic base on their way to Japan Led by J. Robert Oppenheimer, this secret project created the atomic bombs War crimes trials that convicted Nazi leaders of the atrocities committed during the Holocaust Required young men to register for the draft Government organization that oversaw the production of goods for war Individuals cut back on the goods they use so that more supplies can be used in the war effort Money invested in the government to support the war that has a small return over time Program to give returning GIs housing loans and free college education Suburbs built primarily for returning GIs; inexpensive because nearly all of the houses were the same. Population spike after WWII Propaganda poster used to encourage women to leave the home and work in factories to help the war effort Rounding up of everyone of Japanese decent in the US and forcing them to live in camps for national security Supreme Court case which said its legal to take away civil rights during times of emergency Winston Churchill’s symbolic divide between the Communist East and Democratic West. United States policy to stop the spread of communism (containment) Plan to give economic aid to Western Europe after WWII so that nations would not fall to communism Allies sent food and supplies into West Berlin despite a Soviet Blockade War fought to contain communism at the 38th parallel after the Communist North invaded the non-Communist South Added to the Truman Doctrine, saying that the United States would give aid to countries in the Middle East U.S. spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union Communist leader of Cuba Embarrassing failure of an attempt by the U.S. to overthrow the Communist government of Cuba Wall dividing the city of Berlin between the Democratic West and Communist East Nuclear standoff between the USSR and US – the cold war began to heat up Agreement not to test nuclear weapons in the atmosphere Group created to discuss problems between countries in an attempt to avoid war North Atlantic Treaty Organization – a military alliance the United States joined Military alliance between the Soviet Union and their communist satellite nations AH2 Review Part 8 – 50’s, 60’s, 70’s Government organization created to seek out people who were disloyal to the United States Prominent US government figure who was found guilty of and jailed for being a communist. Couple charged, convicted, and executed by the US for espionage – leaking atomic secrets to the Soviets Amended the National Labor Relations Act, establishing control of labor disputes by enlarging the National Labor Relations Board. Truman’s domestic program which built on FDR’s New Deal. Believed that federal government should guarantee economic opportunity and social stability. Labor unions created in 1955 by the merger of the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations Authorized the building of highways throughout the nation; biggest public works project in the nation's history Permanent relaxation in international affairs during the Cold War Strategic Arms Limitation Talks – two rounds of talks and agreements between the US and USSR concerning nuclear arms Congress on Racial Equality, an interracial organization that tried to bring change through peaceful confrontation Court case that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (separate but equal) and said that schools must be integrated Civil rights leader appointed to the Supreme Court in 1967. He ruled over many important civil rights cases for many decades Woman who challenged segregation on buses in 1955 which led to the boycott of the bus system. Boycott of the public bus system in Montgomery, Alabama after Rosa Parks was asked to give up her seat. Leader of the civil rights movement who advocated non-violent means of achieving equality. He was assassinated in 1968 President Eisenhower sent in troops to protect 9 African American students entering into Central High School in Little Rock, AR Organization of young African Americans who wanted immediate change. Later became associated with the Black Power Movement Method of protesting segregation where people would sit in a restaurant until they were served. Protesters tested desegregation laws by riding buses into the south – troops were sent in to protect them 200,000 people came to Washington, DC to protest civil rights – where Martin Luther King Jr. gave his “I have a dream” speech Called for equal rights in jobs, schools, voting, and public services Allowed federal officials to register voters where locals would not allow; eliminated literacy tests Important figure in the Black Power Movement who later changed his views away from violent protest. Assassinated in 1965 Militant group who fought for civil rights. They called for African Americans to unite – Black Nationalism. (Marcus Garvey) Movement by young people who wanted to resist the mainstream of dominant culture. This included changing music – rock & roll Written by Betty Friedan, told housewives it was ok to yearn for more than their accepted role as a wife and mother Fought for fair pay and equal opportunities for women. Women’s rights advocate who started Ms. Magazine Opposed the women’s movement, believed women belonged in the home with their family Supreme Court case which legalized abortion Leader in the Latino rights movement who pushed for change for migrant workers Fought for treaty rights and better conditions/opportunities for Native Americans Enforced the Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act Leader of Northern Vietnam Gave the president expanded powers to conduct war in Vietnam Agent Orange, Napalm Turning point of the Vietnam conflict; US decides they do not want to fight anymore after a series of attacks by North Vietnam American troops killed 400 women and children Students were killed by the national guard while protesting the Vietnam War. The US withdrew from the Vietnam War in 1973 Congress limited powers to conduct war The capital of South Vietnam fell to the north. Vietnam became united and communist Radio, Color TV, Nuclear Power, Computers Government agency created for space exploration Gave money to improve science and math in schools Great Society: HUD, Head Start, VISTA, Medicare, National Endowment for the Humanities People in Nixon’s reelection campaign were caught breaking into the Democratic Party’s headquarters. Nixon tried to stop the investigation and cover it up. Nixon was told to turn over the tapes. He did with 18 ½ minutes missing Abolition of poll taxes (1964) Provisions for the succession of the president and vice president (1967) 18 year olds can vote (1971)