Download Exam questions on human anatomy

Human morphology department
Exam Questions on Human anatomy for the second year students of
Medical Faculty for International Students (speciality "Dentistry")
(approved at the meeting of the department of 24.11.2016 г. №5)
SKELETON AND JOINTS. MUSCLES
1. Classification of the bones. The structure of the bone. Bonedevelopment.
2. Vertebral column: departments, curvatures, its formation in ontogenesis.
3. The structure of vertebra from different parts of vertebra column.
4. Skeleton and a compound of the thorax. The ribs and sternum.
5. Skull: the division on the visceral and cerebral departments, the name and the
relative positions of individual bones. Morphogenesis of the skull: the sources and
stages of bone development during embryogenesis.
6. The structure of the temporal bone: part of the relief. Canals and canaliculi of
the temporal boneand the contents
7. Maxilla: a macroscopic structure. Projection of supraorbital foramen. Maxillary
sinus. The ratio of the roots of teeth to the floor of maxillary sinus.
8. Mandible: a macroscopic structure. The mandibular canal. The projection of the
foramina.
9. Calvaria: relief of external and the cerebral surfaces of cranium, the sutures.
Structure and development of the calvarium bones in embryogenesis.
10. External and internal base of the skull: the relative positions of bones, relief of
the surfaces; foramina; canals, fissures, its purpose.
11. The lateral norm of the cranium: borders, bone base of the infratemporal and
temporal fossa, connections to other cavities of the skull.
12. Orbit: walls, foramina, fissures and canals and its contents. Connection to
another region of the skull.
13. Bone nasal cavity: the walls, the nasal meatus and connection with paranasal
sines and orbit.
14. Age anatomy of the facial and cerebral skull: synchondrosis, sutures and
fontanels.
15. General morphological and functional characteristics of the upper extremities
skeleton: the name of the bones, its relative positions.
16. General morphological and functional characteristics of the lower extremities
skeleton: the name of the bones, its relative positions.
17. Union of bones: classification, morphological and functional
characteristics.Joints:structural components .Classification of the joints. Which
factors are determined the number of axes and the range of the movement (by the
example of the of the extremities joints).
18. Fibrous and cartilaginous union of the skull bones. Atlantooccipital and
atlantoaxial joints: the shape of the articular surfaces, the movements, the
ligaments.
19. Morphological and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint:
articular surfaces, capsule, intraarticular disc, ligaments. Movement in the
temporomandibular joint. Blood supply, innervation.
20. Unions of the spine. Intervertebral disc, vertebra unions.
21. The structure of the muscles as the organ, the sources of embryogenetic
development. Classification of skeletal muscles (in shape, direction of muscle
fiber, function, the position in the human body). Anatomical and physiological
diameter of the muscle. Accessory apparatus of the muscle.
22. Muscles of the trunk: the general morphological and functional characteristics
of muscles of the back, chest and abdomen. Diaphragm: structure.
23. Neck muscles: classification, structure and functions. Blood supply and
innervation.
24. Neck fascias. Neck spaces (closed or open).
25. Muscles of the face: sources of development in embryogenesis, classification,
structure, and function. Sources of blood supply and innervation.
26. Masticatory muscles: the development in embryogenesis, structure, functions,
sources of bloodsupply and innervation. The fascias of the head.
27. The muscles that provide movement of the mandible: the sources of
development in embryogenesis, structure, and function. The phases of opening and
closing the mouth.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
LYMPHOID SYSTEM
28. Systemic and pulmonary circulation. Heart: the topography, the external
structure. Chambers and valves of the heart.
29. The structure of the wall of the heart: endocardium, myocardium and
epicardium.Conduction system of the heart: bundles and nodes, topography, the
functional significance.
30. Pericardium: fibrous, serous. Pericardial cavity. The blood supply and
innervation of the heart.
31. Aorta: departments. The branches of the arch, thoracic and abdominal parts of
the aorta.
32. External carotid artery: branches, areas of blood supply.
33. Maxillary artery: parts, branches, areas of blood supply.
34. The internal carotid artery: branches, areas of blood supply.
35. Subclavian artery: parts, branches, areas of blood supply.
36. The principles of the structure of arterial, venous and lymphatic bed of limbs.
37. The blood supply of the brain: sources, arterial circle of the brain, the
functional significance of the dampers.
38. Brain veins. The sinuses of the dura mater. Emissaryand diploic veins.
39. The main facial veins: the topography of facial and retromandibular veins,
tributaries, anastomoses.
40. Pterygoid venous plexus: the topography, the sources of formation,
anastomosis.
41. Main veins of neck: the topography of the anterior, external and internal
jugular veins, tributaries, anastomoses .
42. Portal and the cava veins: the topography, the general morphological and
functional characteristics, tributaries. Cavacaval and portacaval anastomoses
(shunt).
43. Thoracic and right lymphatic ducts: the sources of formation, topography,
location, the confluence to venous system.
44. The lymph nodes of head and neck: classification and topography.
NERVOUS SYSTEM. SENSE ORGANS.
ENDOCRINE GLANDS.
45. Nervous system: topographic
significance for the body
and
anatomy-functional
classification,
46. Spinal cord: skeletotopy, external structure. Anterior and posterior roots. Cauda
equina. Spinal segment.
47. Spinal cord: gray and white matter. Сentral canal. Matters of spinal cord.
48. The brain: parts, classification according to the sources of development during
embryogenesis.Medulla oblongata: the boundaries, relief of surface, the nuclei of
gray matter, reticular formation, the topography of white matter.
49. The fourth ventricle: the walls, connection to other cavities of the brain and the
subarachnoid space, the choroid plexus.
50. Pons: borders, the external structure of the nuclei of gray matter. Cerebellum:
hemisphere, vermis, cerebellar peduncles, nuclei of the cerebellum.
51. Mesencephalon: midbrain tectumand
aqueduct.Topography of gray matter nuclei.
cerebral
peduncles.Cerebral
52. Diencephalon: thalamus, metathalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus. The third
ventricle: the walls, connection to other cavities of the brain.
53. Telencephalon. Surfaces, lobes, the main fissures and gyri of the brain
hemisphere.Location of the cerebral hemisphere functions.
54. Telencephalon: basal ganglia, white matter.The lateral ventricle: parts,
connection to other cavities of the brain.
55. Classification of conduction pathways. The general structure principle of
sensitive (afferent) and motor (efferent) conduction pathways.
56. Dura mater structure: folds, localization of sinuses of dura mater. Сonfluence
of sinuses.
57. Arachnoid and pia materSubarachnoid space. Production and circulation of
cerebrospinal fluid.
58. Spinal nerves: the branches, areas of division, the plexuses formation.
59. Cervical plexus: sources of formation, branches, areas of innervation.
60. Cranial nerves: general morphological and functional characteristics,
classification.
61. The oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV),abducens(VI) nerves: the nuclei, the exit
site of the brain and the skull, the branches, regions of innervation.
62. The trigeminal (V) nerve: the nuclei, the roots, the ganglion, the overall plan of
branching. Ophthalmic (V1) nerve: branches, areas of innervation.
63. Maxillary (V2) nerve: branches and areas of innervation.
64. Mandibular (V3) nerve: branches and areas of innervation.
65. The facial and intermediate (VII) nerve: the nuclei,the localization in the
brainstem, Branches, areas of innervation.
66. Glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve: the nucleus, the exit site of the brain and the
skull, sensitive ganglions, branches, regions of innervation.
67. Vagus (X) nerve: the nucleus, the exit site of the brain and the skull, branches,
areas of innervation.
68. Accessorius (XI) and hypoglossal (XII) nerve: the nucleus, the exit site of the
brain and the skull, branches, areas of innervation.
69. Autonomic (vegetative) nervous system: general principles of structure and
function; morphological and functional differences from the animal part of nervous
system. Division by sympathetic and parasympathetic part, their structural and
functional differences.
70. Morphological and functional features of the sympathetic divisionof autonomic
nervous system:
71. Morphological and functional features of the parasympathetic division of
autonomic nervous system:
72. External ear: pinna, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane. Structure,
function, blood supply, innervation.
73. Middle ear: tympanic cavity, auditory tube, mastoid cells. Structure, function,
blood supply, innervation.
74. Intеrnal ear: structure of the bone and the membranous labyrinth.
Vestibularcochlearnerve (VIII). Pathway of auditory and statokinetic analyzers.
75. Eyeball: the structure of the fibrous, vascular tunics and retina. Content of the
eyeball.
76. Accessoryeye structures: extraocular muscles of the eyeball, eyelids,
conjuctiva, the lacrimal apparatus. The optic (II) nerve, conduction path of the
visual analyzer.
77. The pituitary gland, thyroid and parathyroid glands, adrenal glands: the
topography, the general morphological and functional characteristics.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
78. Oral vestibule: borders, fornix, mucosal folds. The lips structure. Innervation,
blood supply, lymph drainage.
79. Oral cavity proper: walls, borders. The hard palate structure, the relief of the
mucous membrane. Innervation, blood supply.
80. Soft palate: structure, function. The muscles of the soft palate. Innervation,
blood supply.
81. Tongue: functions, parts, the relief of the mucous membrane The internal and
external muscles of the tongue. Innervation, blood supply, the lymph flow.
82. General morphological and functional characteristics of the teeth. Parts of the
tooth: the root, the neck, the crown. The cavity of the crown, root canal. Blood
supply and innervation of the teeth, lymph drainage.
83. Parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands: structure, topography of ducts,
innervation, blood supply and lymphatic drainage.
84. Pharynx: functions, topography, departments, wall structures.
Lymphoepithelial Waldeyer’s ring of pharynx. Innervation, blood supply and
lymphatic drainage.
85. Esophagus: topography, departments, wall structures. Innervation,blood
supply, lymphatic drainage.
86. Stomach: topography, the macroscopic structure. Innervation, blood supply,
lymphatic drainage.
87. Small intestine: functions, topography, departments, the macroscopic structure.
Innervation, blood supply, lymphatic drainage.
88. The colon: functions, topography, departments, the macroscopic structure.
Innervation, blood supply, lymphatic drainage.
89. Liver: function, topography, structure, characteristics of blood circulation. Gall
bladder: structure, pathway elimination of bile. Innervation, blood supply of liver
and gall bladder.
90. Pancreas: topography, structure. Excretory ducts. Innervation, blood supply.
91. Parietal and visceral peritoneum, the peritoneal cavity. The derivatives of the
peritoneum: greater and lesser omentum, mesentery, pits, folds.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
92. External nose: parts, nose cartilages. The nasal cavity: functions, structure of
the walls, the nasal conchae and nasal passages, connection with paranasal sinuses.
Innervation, blood supply, lymphatic drainage.
93. Paranasal sinuses: location, communication with the nasal cavity, functions,
development during embryogenesis. The ratio of the maxillary sinus to the roots of
maxillary teeth.
94. Larynx: functions, topography, structure. Laryngeal cavity. Innervation, blood
supply, lymph drainage.
95. Trachea, bronchi: function, topography, the macroscopic structure of the
trachea and different caliber bronchi. Innervation, blood supply and lymphatic
drainage.
96. Lungs: functions, the macroscopic structure. Innervation, blood supply and
lymphatic drainage.
97. Visceral and parietal pleura, pleural cavity. Pleural sinuses: localization,
functional significance. Blood supply, innervation of the pleura. Mediastinum: the
division into parts, communication with the neck cellular spaces. Mediastinum
organs.
URINARYAND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
98. Kidneys: topography, function, macroscopic structure. Blood supply,
innervation of the kidney.
99. Ureter, urinary bladder, urethra (male and female). Function, topography,
structure, blood supply, innervation.
100. Functional morphology of the internal and external male genitalia. Ways of
seminal fluid elimination.
101. Functional morphology of the internal and external female reproductive
organs.
CLINICAL ANATOMY OF HEAD AND NECK
102. Neck: border; regions, triangles. The projection on the skin of the common
carotid and subclavian artery, the phrenic nerve, the supraclavicular part of the
brachial plexus, cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus. Innervation of the skin
of the neck.
103. Suprahyoid region: borders, triangles, layer by layer structure. Submandibular
and sublingual cellular spaces: the borders are located in anatomical structure,
relationship to other cellular spaces of the head and neck.
104. Infrahyoid region: borders, triangles. Layer by layer structure of omotracheal
triangle. Organs of the neck (larynx, trachea, pharynx, esophagus, thyroid and
parathyroid gland): topography, sources of blood supply and innervation.
105. Carotid triangle: borders; stratified structure. Neurovascular bundle of the
neck: structural components and their relative positions. Carotid sheath.
106. Sternocleidomastoid region. Scalenovertebral and interscalenum triangles,
prescalenum space: the border and contents. Subclavian artery, departments,
branches.
107. The lateral triangle of neck: stratified structure of omoloclavicular and
omotrapezoid triangles.
108. Topography of vagus nerve: the relationship with the elements of the
neurovascular bundle; branches, innervated organs. The relationship of the
recurrent laryngeal nerves withaorta, the right subclavian artery and the neck
organs.
109. The cervical sympathetic trunk: the name of the ganglion, branches and
innervation regions,
110. The surface anatomy of the head: the boundary of the head and neck, division
into cerebral and facial parts. Regions of the facial part of the head. The projection
on the skin where exit branches of the trigeminal nerve, facial, superficial temporal
and occipital arteries, the facial nerve, duct of parotid gland exit. Sources of scalp
innervation.
111. The oral region. Boundaries of vestibulumoris, communicate with
cavitasorispropar. Topography of the parotidpapilla parotid. Layer-by layer
structure of lips; innervation, blood supply and lymphatic drainage.
112. The borders of cavitasorispropar. Isthmus of the fauces. Pterygomandibular
plica. Topography, sources of innervation, blood supply and lymphatic drainage of
palatine tonsils.
113. Layer by layer structure of the bottom wall of the mouth. The relief of the
mucous membrane, muscle ofmouth diaphragm. Intermuscular spaces, sublingual
cellular spaces: borders,the contents, communicate to other cellular spaces of the
head and neck.
114. Permanent and primary teeth. Teeth groups: incisors, canines, premolars,
molars. The dental formula: full, group, alphanumeric, FDI. The surfaces of tooth
crown. Division of the tooth into thirds. Signs of teeth.
115. Permanent incisors: relief of crown surfaces, the characteristic of roots and
tooth cavities. Innervation, blood supply and lymphatic drainage. Anatomical
landmarks used of incisors anesthesia.
116. Permanent canines: relief of crown surfaces, the characteristic of roots and
tooth cavities. Innervation, blood supply and lymphatic drainage. Anatomical
landmarks used of canines anesthesia.
117. Permanent premolars: relief of crown surfaces, the characteristic of roots and
tooth cavities. Innervation, blood supply and lymphatic drainage. Anatomical
landmarks used of premolars anesthesia.
118. Permanent molars: relief of crown surfaces, the characteristic of roots and
tooth cavities. Innervation, blood supply and lymphatic drainage. Anatomical
landmarks used of molars anesthesia.
119. Structure feature of deciduous teeth. Average age of tooth eruption. Second
dentition.
120. Parotideomasseteric region: borders, layer by layer structure. Parotid gland,
projection on the skin, parts. The relationship with the neurovascular components,
external auditory canal and the wall of the pharynx, the projection of parotid duct.
Innervation, blood supply and lymphatic drainage of parotid gland.
121. Buccal region: borders, layer by layer structure; fat body of cheek. The course
of the facial artery and vein, branches, anastomoses. Spaces of canine fossa and
infraorbital cellular spaces and their connections with other spaces of the head.
122. Deep region of the face: border; bony wall of the infratemporal and
pterygopalatine fossa; the contents. Spaces of deep region of the face, the
relationship with other spaces of the head and neck.
123. Orbit: border, eye and related structures. The eyelids: stratified structure of
the upper eyelid. The fat body of orbit; vagina bulbi, episcleral space. Nerves of
the orbit.
124. The nose: the external nose and nasal cavity. The nasal passages and their
communication to the paranasal sinuses and orbit. Blood supply, innervation and
lymphatic drainage of the mucous membranes of the nose.
125. Fronto-parietal-occipital region: borders, layer by layer structure (muscle,
fascia, spaces). Sources of blood supply and innervation of individual.
125. Temporal region: border; layer by layer structure, cellular spaces. Sources of
blood supply and innervation of the skin and temporal muscle.
126. The area of the mastoid process: layer by layer structure. Trepanation Shipo’s
triangle: the projection of the facial nerve canal, the middle cranial fossa and
sigmoid sinus on the surface of the mastoid process.
Head of the Department of Human Morphology
SL Kabak