Download speaking unit – v interview skills

UNIT – V
WRITING
NOTE-MAKING
INTRODUCTION
Note making is an important study skill that is required for various academic and
professional purposes.
The meaning of the word ‘note’ is ‘brief written record as an aid to memory’. It’s a systematic
method of writing down quickly, briefly and clearly the important points of a reading text.
FUNCTIONS
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Keep a record of the main points of a reading text for future use and reference
Revise for an examination or a writing assignment
Update information
Reinforce or compare information contained in different text books/ the text books and
lecture and
 To analyse a text
 Note making is a productive skill, which integrates both reading and writing skills.
IT INVOLVES
Reading strategy:
 Need a careful reading plan to identify the central idea, the main points and
important supporting details.
 Read the text quickly in order to identify its purpose, scope, central idea, logical
organisation and different writing techniques E.g. description narration
explanation and so on.
 Read the text again in order to identify
The main points and important details that support the main ideas:
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Ignore subordinate points or minor supporting details and example
Recognise key lexical items related to the topic
Identify relationships among units within the text ( different points, examples)
Read for key points and signal words
Recognise markets of cohesion
Ignore irrelevant matter and concentrate on the important points
Deduce meanings of words and phrases from their context and infer
relationships.
 Recognise key terms related to the subject/topic of the text
 Interpret graphic aids used in the text
NOTE WRITING TECHNIQUES
There are four types of note writing techniques:
1. Topicalizing: - identify the central idea; the main points and important supporting details
change into rephrased them. Sentences change into phrase or words.
2. Copying: - refers to writing down verbatim what is written or what is said.
3. Schematizing:- is the method of using graphics to organize notes can change the text
into figures, tables, diagrams etc.
REDUCTION DEVICES
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Refers to the techniques used to shorter expression in order to save time witch
making notes.
Involves the effective use of abbreviation and symbols.
Use of abbreviation
1. Use the first letters of the words e.g.; west-n, that is –i.e., oxygen-o, hour-hr.
2. Use the first letter of the phases e.g.; kilogram-kg, centimeter -cm.
3. Use the first few letters of words/phrases e.g.: approximately-sec, proffered-prof,
second-sec, temperature-temp,
Use special techniques to affricative e.g.: CT-centre, and other-etc., compare-mentioned
earlier in the book optic
Use of symbols
@
At the rate of
$
dollar
%
percentage
&
And
+
In addition
-
reduce
<-
result from, come from develop from, caused by, made from
->
Leads to causes, results in, move forward
^
Up, upwards, group, increase
>
Greater then, more that, over less then
<
Less then
#
is different from, is not, don’t not consist of, doer not equal
=
consist of, is equal to, is the same as
ORGANISATION TECHNIQUES
The nature and organization of notes depends largely on the type and length of a text
when the text is small, the notes many contain just a few phrases/words.
However, a lot of information needs to be used organized in terms of headings and
subordinate points:
 Provide a suitable title with the help of certain idea on the main subject
 Provide headings and sub headings
E.g.: electro chemistry
1. Introduction
2. Some important terms
A. conductors
1. Types of conductor
a) Metallic conductor
b) Electrolytes
B. non-conductor
METHODS OF SEQUENCING
1) Numerical and letter – I II III…….A B C D…..1234…………a b c d……..
2) Decimalization – 1.1…..1.1.1…….1.1.2…….1.1.2.1…….
SPEAKING UNIT – V
INTERVIEW SKILLS
An interview is a kind of presentation. Interviewing for a job is easy. However, with good
preparation before the interview, you can count on a successful interview.
KINDS:
1. Interview for a job
2. Interview with reports
PURPOSE OF INTERVIEW:
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To get information
To seek person’s opinion /views
The criteria for selection vary from job to job
PRE-INTERVIEW PREPARATION:
Take a look at the advertisement and the interview call letter
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Carefully read the advertisement / call letter
Keep a copy of the application you sent
Note the time and venue of the interview
Keep the address of the office with the telephone #
Decide how you are going –by bus …………..etc
Revise the subject
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Refer all the information so that you may face any question that could be asked
Besides make yourself aware with the social happiness of you place / state / country ,
even world .
Learn about the employer
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If possible find out something about the employer or the company you are attending in
interview
Wear professional clothing
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Be formal in dressing
Choice according to the profession demands
Wear less jewelery / make up / perfume / cologne
Give a profession touch to yens looks
Take necessary certificate and testimonials.
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Take both original as well as. photocopies
Have your latest photography
Maintain a good / neat file which you are carrying to interview
Keep character certificate ‘ or ‘ experience certificate, if you have.
Be confident / positive
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Have confidence in your self
Say to yourself that you will face the interview successfully
The way you great the interview panel and responding them , revels your confidence
Practice – practice – practice
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Research some of the common questions employees will ask you
Recreates your skills and abilities that make you qualified for job
AT THE TIME OF TH INTERVIEW
Reach the place of interview in time
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Start sufficient early from home
Make sure you have taken with you all the required papers
After reaching the place if interview
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Better to be fifteen minutes before the time of the interview in that you I‘ll become use
to the environment
Ask some general question / make request
Don’t be sweetly nor allow your voice to be shaky , even during the interviewing
After you enter the room
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Don’t run / walk fort to the room, speaking could be a problem. otherwise may be
clearly / run out gourds
Keep yourself cool
Keep yourself impressive , look confident
tell yourself the you will do your best
Seek permission, and later greet just Good morning………….
Sent only after you are told to
Sit comfortable and be at ease
Keep the file of your papers on the table and wear a smile.
While answering the question
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Try your best to answer all the questions
Face personal questions asked with smile but
Wear confidence and cool impression when questions are about your expertise.
If you need time to think of any question, wear a gesture of thinking but respond
quickly.
Don`t stammer/ stumble or respond with lame corny answer.
Don`t feel embarrassed, if your answer goes wrong but say `oh! Thanks for that
information’ or say ` I don`t know’.
Speak simple, clear and enough louder.
 Don`t forget your every action, response, expression is constantly observed.
Therefore, should not show signs of nervousness or a sense of diffidence or loss
of confidence.
Don`t make your legs or hands move frequently, sit straight and cool.
Face the last question tactfully, about salary. Remember! Always put forward an extra
amount than you`ve expected with the word `negotiable’.
At the end say ` thanks you ‘and move out gracefully.
A FINAL PIECE OF ADVICE
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Employers prefer enthusiastic and dynamic persons.
Particularly in the corporate sector a result-oriented and hard-working person is
preferred.
A person with strong determination discipline and sincerity has a lot of scope.
No one will ever hesitate to invest in you, if you are worth it.
GRAMMAR UNIT – V
Adverbials
Introduction
An adverbial is a construction that modifies, or describes, verbs. When an adverbial modifies a
verb, it changes the meaning of that verb. Not only does an adverb, one of the forms listed
below in the chart, modify a verb, but there are other words and word groups that do also. For
example, a prepositional phrase, an infinitive phrase, and a nominal clause can all modify verbs.
In every sentence pattern, the adverbial tells where, when, why, how, etc. There can be more
than one adverbial in a sentence. Also, there is not a certain slot fixed for adverbials. They are
movable.
One way to analyze sentence structure is to think in terms of form and function. Form refers to a
word class--such as noun, verb, adjective, adverb, and preposition--as well as types of phrases,
such as prepositional phrase, nominal clause, and adverbial clause. Function refers to the
function of the form in a sentence.
Form
Word
noun
verb
adjective
adverb
Phrase
noun phrase
verb phrase (gerund, infinitive, participle)
prepositional phrase
Clause
independent sentence
nominal clause
adverbial (subordinate) clause
adjectival (relative) clause
Function
Nominal
subject
subject complement
direct object
indirect object
object complement
object of preposition
Adverbial
modifier of (verb)
Adjectival
subject complement
object complement
modifier of (noun)
Sentence modifier
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Adverb: a word that modifies a verb. The easiest adverbs to find are those that end in ly. Those adverbs are called manner adverbs. There are also frequency adverbs,
adverbs of place, and adverbs of time. Examples: quickly, courageously, sheepishly.
Adverbial: any structure, no matter what its form, that functions as a modifier of a verb.
Example: I couldn't sleep well throughout the night.
Adverbial infinitive: an infinitive, which consists of the word to and the base form of the
verb, used to modify a verb. Example. My father reads to improve his vocabulary
Adverbial prepositional phrase: Movable phrases that begin with prepositions and
modify verbs. Example: We washed our hands after playing outside.
Dangling infinitive: a problem that occurs when the subject of the sentence is not the
subject of an introductory adverbial infinitive. Example: To stay healthy, exercise is
important.
Subordinate clause: a dependent clause introduced by a subordinating conjunction.
Example: Before you watch TV, you need to finish your homework
The adverbs in English
Adverbs tell us in what way someone does something. Adverbs can modify verbs, adjectives
or other adverbs.
Adjectives tell us something about a person or a thing. Adjectives can modify nouns or
pronouns.
Adjective
Adverb
Mandy is a careful girl.
Mandy drives carefully.
Mandy is very careful.
Mandy is a careful driver. This sentence is about Mandy, the driver, so use the
Mandy drives carefully. This sentence is about her way of driving, so use the
Form
1 ) ADJECTIVE & ADVERB + ly
Adjective
Adverb
dangerous
dangerously
careful
carefully
nice
nicely
easy
easily
horrible
horribly
electronic
electronically
adjective.
adverb.
Tip: Not all words ending in -ly are adverbs.
adjectives ending in -ly: friendly, silly, lonely, ugly
nouns, ending in -ly: ally, bully, Italy, melancholy
verbs, ending in -ly: apply, rely, supply
There is no adverb for an adjectives ending in -ly.
2) IRREGULAR FORM / words USED AS BOTH ADJECTIVE & ADVERB
Few words can be used as both as an adjective as well as adverb. Such as:
Adjective
Adverb
good
well
fast
fast
hard
hard
3) ADVERBS FORMED BY ADDING `wards’, `wise’, `ways’
Some adverbs can be formed by adding `wards’, `wise’, `ways’ to other adverbs or nouns such
as: `up’, `down’, `on’, `back’, `heaven’, etc.
The river flows downwards to the plains.
4) ADVERBS FORMED WITH PREPOSITIONS: `on’, `in’ and `by’.
E.g. I saw my sister four months ago. E.g. We went to the form on foot.
Types of adverbs
1) Adverbs of manner
quickly
kindly
2) Adverbs of degree
very
rather
3) Adverbs of frequency
often
sometimes
4) Adverbs of time
now
today
5) Adverbs of place
here
nowhere
comparison of adverbs in English
There are three forms:
- positive
- comparative
- superlative
A - Comparison with -er/-est
hard - harder - (the) hardest
We use -er/-est with the following adverbs:
1) all adverbs with one syllable
fast
faster
fastest
high
higher
highest
2) The adverb: early
B - Comparison with more – most
2) all adverbs with more than one syllable
carefully - more carefully - (the) most carefully
adverbs ending on -ly (not: early)
C - Irregular adverbs
well
better
best
badly
worse
worst
much
more
most
little
less
least
late
later
last
far
farther
further
farthest
furthest
The position of adverbs in sentences
We can put adverbs in different positions in sentences. There are three main positions but also
a lot of exceptions.
In English we never put an adverb between the verb and the object.
We often play handball. - CORRECT
We play often handball. - WRONG
The three main positions of adverbs in English sentences
1) Adverb at the beginning of a sentence
Unfortunately, we could not see Mount Snowdon.
2) Adverb in the middle of a sentence
The children often ride their bikes.
3) Adverb at the end of a sentence
Andy reads a comic every afternoon.
More than one adverb at the end of a sentence
If there are more adverbs at the end of a sentence, the word order is normally:
Manner - Place - Time
Peter sang the song happily in the bathroom yesterday evening.
Adverbs of frequency
always, usually, regularly, normally, often, sometimes, occasionally, rarely, seldom,
never are adverbs of frequency.
The position of these adverbs is before the main verb
I
Adverb of
frequency
Verb
always
get up
at 6.45.
Peter
can
usually
play
football on Sundays.
Mandy
has
sometimes
got
lots of homework.
After a form of to: be am, are, is (was, were)
Susan
Verb
Adverb of
frequency
is
never
late.
The adverbs often, usually, sometimes and occasionally can go at the beginning of a
sentence.
Sometimes I go swimming.
Often we surf the internet.
Sometimes these adverbs are put at the end of the sentence.
We read books occasionally.
MODAL VERBS
MODEL AUXILIARIES (Helping Verbs )
Model auxiliaries express the attitude of the speaker to the ‘process’ :- About the action.
They are :-
will – would
can – could
must ought (to)
Shall –should
may – might
dare need
Used to (let)
They express meanings such as :Necessity : must, have (got) to, needn’t and mustn’t
I must go to the bank.
Obligation and advice :-
should, ought to (let) etc.
You should answer the letter.
Permission :-
can, could, may, might, and ne allowed to
We can leave out luggage at the hotel.
Certainty :
Futurity:
will ,must and cant
Mandy will be in land on now.
Probability:
should and thought to
the rain should stop soon .
Possibility:
may, might, can and could
The keys may be in my coat pocket .
Abilities:
can, could and be able to
Most people can swim.
Unreal situation:
would
Six days holidays would be nice
Habits:
will would and used to
People will be letter everywhere.
The verb dare :
I daren’t go up on the R or F at night .
Overview : The use of model verbs.
Deciding / allowing / telling
Prediction / Possibility
WILL
Deciding
I’ll help you.
Willingness
I’ll help you
Will you help me ?
Formal order
All pupils will attend
Prediction (future)
Tom will be at home tomorrow.
Prediction (Present)
Tom will be at home now.
Prediction (habit)
tom will always arrive late.
SHALL
Asking what to do
What shall I do?
Shall I help you?
Promise
You shall have the many
Formal rule
A game shall last one hour.
Prediction
I / We shall be away next week.
WOULD
Request
Would you help me ?
Willingness
The body wouldn’t go to sleep.
surprise.
Presidion ( unreal )
A holiday would be great.
Prediction ( past)
The result would
Prediction (past habit)
Tom would always arrive
MUST (have to) ( need )
Necessity
You must be careful
Have to for informal use
I have to go to bank (less formal)
I need to take a shower.
Logical nicety
You must be tired
SHOULD (let)ought to
Obligation / Advice / suggestion
You should work hard
Other expressions.
Why don’t we go to the park?
How about going to the park?
What about going to the park?
Let’s go to the park.
You ought to work hard.
Probability
It should be fine tomorrow.
MAY
Permission
You may go now
May I ask a question ?
Possibility ( pre / future )
The Plan may go wrong
We may move now.
MIGHT
Request / Order
You might help me.
Possibility
The plan might go wrong
CAN /COULD / BE ABLE TO
Permission
You can go now
Can / could I ask a question?
Request
Can you help me ?
Can you pass the salt ?
Offer
Can I help you ?
Not
Suggestion
We can / could meet later
Possibility ( future)
Maths can be fun.
We are able to help you today.
The Plan could go wrong.
Impossibility
The story can’t be true
Ability
I could play piano
When I was five.
I can play the piano
I’n now able to play the piano.
NEED
As a principal verb
Wed in sense of ‘require’
As an artier Verb
Used with ‘not’
I need your help.
You need not go there.
DARE
As a principal verb
In the sense of face boldly
As an auxiliary; commonly
Used with ‘not’
He dares you to a fight.
I dare not fallow him.
USED ( TO )
Refer to a past habit or to descries what once was
It followed by the ‘to’ infinitive
They used to look after their
Business
‘To be used’ is used to mean ‘accustomed’
He is used to driving long dista
Distances.
POINTS TO REMEMBER about model auxiliaries
Always the first word in the verb phrase
Never has an ending such as –s –ing-or-ed;
Followed by a base infinitive
It does not have a to – infinitive after it
(except ought, used)
Important in negatives, questions, tags and so an
Does not usually have a tense, can refer to
The present or the future or the past in
some contents.
It will be windy.
You should look after your money.
You must give me your honest
pinion.
How should I organize my work?
we must know now,
we must know soon
I couldn’t remember the formerly.
HAVE TO AND HAVE – GOT TO / NEED TO
Both express the same meaning necessity
Which is outside the speaker.
We use ‘got’ only in simple tenses,
I have to take an exam in June
I have got to take an exam in June.
Father was so ill we were having to
But ‘have to’ has all the forms of an
Ordinary verb.
With ‘have to’ we use ‘do’ in
Negatives and questions
With ‘have got’, we use ‘have’ as an auxiliary
In past simple negatives and questions
We almost always use did--- have ‘to’,
Not ‘had--------got to
sit with him night after night.
we don’t have to pay.
does the winner have to make a speech
we haven’t got to pay.
How the winner got to make a
speech?
Did you have to wait long?
BE SUPPOSED TO
We used ‘be supposed to’ for what people expect to happen because it is the normal ways of
doing things or because it have been ordered or arranged.
 When you’ve paid, you’re supposed to take your receipt to the counter over--------, oh I
see.
 You weren’t supposed to mention my secret ----oh, sorry.
VOCABULARY UNIT - V
IDIOMS
An idiom is a phrase where the words together have a meaning that is different from
the dictionary definitions of the individual world which can make idioms hard for
learners to understand. Therefore , prefer to have a good and authentic dictionary of
idioms and phrases.
A phrase which has a meaning that is commonly understood by speakers of the
language, but whose meaning is often different from the normal meaning of the
words is called an idiom.
An idiom (Latin: idioma, “special property, is an expression, word, or phrase that
has a figurative meaning that is comprehended in regard to a common use of that
expression that is separate from the literal meaning or definition of the words of
which it is made.
Example: In the English expression to kick the bucket, a listener knowing only the
meanings of kick and bucket would be unable to deduce the expression's true
meaning: to die. Although this idiomatic phrase can, in fact, actually refer to kicking a
bucket, native speakers of English rarely use it so.
Idiom Examples
Now that we know what an idiom is by definition, let’s look at some examples of idioms in the
English language to further explain this literary term.
Example 1: to make ends meet
Definition: While someone who is not familiar with this idiom might believe it to mean forcing the
ends of an object to touch each other, this phrase actually means to have enough money from
day to day.How this idiom is used: Growing up, my family was poor. We often did not have
enough to make ends meet.
Example 2: a storm in a teacup
Definition: People not familiar with the saying might literally start to think about how there could
possibly be a storm in a teacup. However, this idiom is used to describe the process of showing a
lot of worry or excitement over something trivial.How this idiom is used: All of the panic in the
media and the country over the swine flu was just a storm in a teacup.
Example 3: to get out of hand
Definition: Someone who takes this idiom literally would think it to mean that someone was
holding something in their hand and they released the object or it escaped. However, this really
means to allow a situation to get out of control.How this idiom is used: The police had allowed
the incident to get way out of hand.
Example 4: to pay through the nose
Definition: No, this does not literally mean that people have money coming out of their noses.
This is an expression that says someone has paid more money for something than what that
something is worth. How this idiom is used: My mom paid through the nose for her new
computer.
Example 5: to take someone under your wing
Definition: Taken literally, others might start to think people have grown wings and can fly.
However, this phrase means to mentor someone or to take over looking after another. How this
idiom is used: After the sudden death of their mother and father, the twins were taken under the
wings of their aunt and uncle.
Example 6: to pull your weight
Definition: This does not mean to grab your belly and pull. This idiom means to work as hard as
you possibly can, or at least give a contribution to a task that is equal to your peers. How this
idiom is used: If she does not start pulling her own weight, I am going to have to report her to
the instructor.
Example 7: to bang your head against a brick wall
Definition: To do this literally would just be insane, not to mention hurtful. This idiom means that
a person is feeling frustrated because they are getting nowhere either with themselves or with
another. How this idiom is used: Sometimes I feel as if I am banging my head against a brick
wall when trying to convince my teenage son that some of his actions are not acceptable.
Example 8: under the weather
Definition: By natural law, we are always under the weather. However, this phrase means that
someone is not feeling very well. How this idiom is used: I stayed home from work today
because I was feeling a bit under the weather.
Example 9: to be one card short of a deck
Definition: To someone not familiar with the phrase, this might literally mean they are trying to
play cards with a deck that is not all there; they have 51 cards instead of 52. However, this
phrase actually means that a person is a little slow or stupid. How this is used: My mother in law
is so crazy; I honestly think that she is one card short of a deck.
Example 10: to throw in the towel
Definition: This does not mean to literally throw a towel. This idiom is a way of expressing that
someone has given up and stopped trying. How this is used: After seeing that she was never
going to understand Economics, Denise threw in the towel.