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What is a circulatory (cardiovascular) system?
Why do we need one?
As
body size increases,
delivery and removal
systems are necessary.
Remember homeostasis?
How does the
circulatory system
play a role?
Functions:
• Deliver Nutrients
• Remove Wastes
• Fluid and pH balance
• Distribution of heat
• Defense
T
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P
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T
!
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C
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Comparing Blood Vessel Structure
Exchange is due to:
Diffusion
&
Pressure driven flow
The “exchange” is
between interstitial
fluid and plasma
through the very thin
walls of the capillaries
Small molecules are exchanged
but typically, cells and large molecules DO
NOT move through the capillary wall.
Small, nonpolar, uncharged
molecules = Gases!
Diffusion
At the tissues of the body…
CO2
O2
High O2 & Low
CO2
Pressure driven flow
Low O2 & High
CO2
small, polar molecules & ions
The Human Heart
• Located near the center of your
chest
• Hollow structure
• Composed almost entirely of
muscle
• About the size of your clenched
fist
Cardiac
muscle cells
Cardiac muscles exhibit which of the
following features?
A. Unstriated, involuntary, intercalated discs present
B. Striated, involuntary, intercalated discs present.
C. Striated, involuntary, intercalated discs not present.
D. Striated, voluntary, intercalated discs present.
Cardiac muscles exhibit which of the
following features?
A. Unstriated, involuntary, intercalated discs present
B. Striated, involuntary, intercalated discs present.
C. Striated, involuntary, intercalated discs not present.
D. Striated, voluntary, intercalated discs present.
Which valve is found between the left atrium
and the left ventricle?
A. Tricuspid valve
B. Aortic valve
C. Bicuspid valve
D. Tricuspid valve
Which valve is found between the left atrium
and the left ventricle?
A. Tricuspid valve
B. Aortic valve
C. Bicuspid valve
D. Tricuspid valve
What makes up blood?
• Plasma
• 55%
• Cells
• 45%
PLATELETS
& FIBRIN
Platelets
Fibrin threads
PLATELETS
• Slow blood loss by initiating the constriction of blood
vessels and the formation of a clot
• Composed of small pieces of cytoplasm
• Fibrin = protein formed when blood vessels are
damaged
RED BLOOD CELLS
RED BLOOD CELLS (ERYTHROCYTES)
• Transport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of
the body
• Flexible disks containing few organelles
• Packed full of hemoglobin
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
White blood
cells
Pathogens
WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTES)
• Destroy pathogens and foreign organisms in the
bloodstream and interstitial fluid
• There are several types of white blood cells that differ
in their methods of fighting disease and responding to
foreign materials
Which component of blood is
responsible for blood clotting?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Plasma
White blood cells
Red blood cells
Platelets
Which component of blood is
responsible for blood clotting?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Plasma
White blood cells
Red blood cells
Platelets
What is the life span of a typical red blood
cell?
A. 2 months
B. 6 months
C. 1 year
D. 4 months
What is the life span of a typical red blood
cell?
A. 2 months
B. 6 months
C. 1 year
D. 4 months
Maturation and development of white blood
cells does not take place in which region?
A. Bone marrow
B. Lymph nodes
C. Thymus
D. Spleen
Maturation and development of white blood
cells does not take place in which region?
A. Bone marrow
B. Lymph nodes
C. Thymus
D. Spleen
Venous Return of Blood to the Heart
• Valves
• Respiratory Pump
• Skeletal Muscle Pump
Blood Pressure (BP)
• Contraction of the ventricles
generates BP
• BP is determined by CO, blood
volume, and vascular resistance
• The higher the BP, the greater
the blood flow
Control of BP and Blood Flow
The medulla oblongata contains a cardiovascular center, which is a group
of neurons that regulate heart rate, contractility, and blood vessel
diameter
DIGESTIVE PROCESS FROM
START TO FINISH
Gastrointestinal System
The digestive process includes four distinct phases.
1
INGESTION
of food
2
DIGESTION
Physical (chewing & churning)
+
Chemical (enzymes required!)
3
ABSORPTION
of small nutrient molecules
(simple sugars, amino acids,
fatty acids, etc.)
4
ELIMINATION
of wastes
Organs of the digestive tract:
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Accessory organs:
Salivary Glands
Liver /Gall Bladder
Pancreas
4 Processes!
THE MOUTH
Salivary glands
IN THE MOUTH
Physical digestion
-Teeth
Chemical digestion!
-Enzymes
Salivary Glands
-Release saliva
-(.75 - 1.5 l/day)
-Contains:
Mucus
Lysozymes
Buffers
Amylase
Water
Lysozyme = defensive enzyme
Amylase = digestive enzyme
THE ESOPHAGUS
Chewed food + saliva = Bolus
Bolus
1
Epiglottis
Swallowing – The epiglottis closes
over windpipe (trachea) as bolus
passes into esophagus
2
Tongue
Esophagus
Trachea
Contracted
Smooth muscle
3
Stomach
Esophagus
Esophagus
No digestion!
Mucous membranes
Peristaltic waves!
Food moves in the gastrointestinal tract by
which processes?
A. Voluntary waves of contraction
B. Peristalsis of the voluntary muscles
C. Peristalsis of the longitudinal muscles only
D. Peristalsis of the circular and longitudinal muscles.
Food moves in the gastrointestinal tract by
which processes?
A. Voluntary waves of contraction
B. Peristalsis of the voluntary muscles
C. Peristalsis of the longitudinal muscles only
D. Peristalsis of the circular and longitudinal muscles.
Roles of the stomach:
Sanitizes
Mixes
STORES
Chemical digestion of
proteins begins
here!
Gastric Glands produce:
mucus
HCl
pepsinogen
DIGESTION: THE STOMACH
Sphincter
Esophagus
1
Small
intestine
Churning
muscle
3
Pepsin
- the only digestive enzyme
active in the stomach
- requires low pH for strong
activity
- chemically digests proteins
into polypeptide chains
Food
Chyme
2
Gastric pits
Liver and Pancreas
Liver
Sphincter
Stomach
1
3
Gall
bladder
Chyme
The liver produces bile
The bile is stored in the gall
bladder and then enters the
small intestine by way of the
bile duct.
Small
intestine
Chyme
Bile
2
4
Pancreatic juice
Bile salts
(the active component in bile)
The bile salts break lipids
into smaller pieces
Pancreatic juices contain:
Buffers
Enzymes
Pancreas
Pancreatic Enzymes
-Trypsin
Pancreatic
juices
Acid chyme is neutralized by the
buffers in the pancreatic juice.
-Chymotrypsin
-Amylase
- Lipase
Pancreatic Enzyme
Acts in the …
Digests ____ into _____
Pancreatic Amylase
Small Intestine
Starch into maltose
Chymotrypsin
Small Intestine
Polypeptides into dipeptides
Trypsin
Small Intestine
Polypeptides into dipeptides
Lipase
Small Intestine
Lipids into fatty acids &
glycerol
All of these enzymes are produced by the pancreas, but
they “work” in the small intestine
Small intestine
~20 ft in length
Most of the chemical
digestion of food
takes place here
All of the absorption
of food molecules
happens here!
The wall of the small intestine is highly
specialized.
LOTS of surface area for absorption!!!
STRUCTURE OF THE SMALL INTESTINE
Villi
Microvilli
 The tremendous surface area of
Small intestine
the small intestine allows for very
efficient absorption of nutrients.
SMALL INTESTINE
20 feet long with
many folds
VILLI
Finger-like projections
that line the small
intestine
MICROVILLI
Thread-like
projections that line
cells in the villi
The wall of the small intestine produces enzymes too!
Disaccharidases: Break disaccharides into simple sugars
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
Maltose, a disaccharide
Dipeptidases: Break dipeptides into amino acids
Enterokinase: Activate trypsinogen
Trypsinogen, an enzyme secreted by the pancreas,
is activated into trypsin in the duodenum by which
enzyme?
A. Pepsin
B. Hydrochloric Acid
C. Enterokinase
D. Protease
Trypsinogen, an enzyme secreted by the pancreas,
is activated into trypsin in the duodenum by which
enzyme?
A. Pepsin
B. Hydrochloric Acid
C. Enterokinase
D. Protease
ABSORPTION: SMALL INTESTINE
Large surface area – folds, villi
and microvilli
Nutrients
Microvilli
Small Nutrients Absorbed
• simple sugars
• amino acids
• fatty acids
• glycerol
• etc.
1
Nutrients are moved into
the bloodstream
Cell lining of villi
Interstitial fluid
2
Capillary
3
Large Intestine Absorbs
Salts
Vitamins
H2O
Cholera – bacterial infection; prevents water absorption by large
intestine…excessive diarrhea… death within hours or days.
Chemical digestion begins
Protein digestions begins
Majority of chemical
digestion occurs
Most all absorption of food
nutrients
Absorption of water
Digestion of starches begins in the…
A.
B.
C.
D.
Mouth
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Digestion of starches begins in the…
A.
B.
C.
D.
Mouth
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Why do we have villi in our intestines?
A. To protect the intestinal lining.
B. To increase surface area.
C. To block acids coming from the
stomach
D. To provide space for bacteria
Why do we have villi in our intestines?
A. To protect the intestinal lining.
B. To increase surface area.
C. To block acids coming from the
stomach
D. To provide space for bacteria
What is the function of amylase in the body?
A. It breaks down fat into fatty acids
B. It breaks down starch into simpler sugars
C. It breaks down fat into glycerol
D. It breaks down proteins into amino acids.
What is the function of amylase in the body?
A. It breaks down fat into fatty acids
B. It breaks down starch into simpler sugars
C. It breaks down fat into glycerol
D. It breaks down proteins into amino acids.
Why do we need oxygen?
Warning: Terminology!
• “Respiration” is used several different ways:
– Cellular respiration: aerobic breakdown of glucose
– Respiratory systems: organs that exchange gases
Respiratory system function
Respiratory systems allow animals to move O2 into
body tissues and remove CO2 from cells.
What are some characteristics of respiratory
systems?
Requirements for Gas Exchange
Lots of Surface Area
Moisture
THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Nose
Mouth
Pharynx
Air Passageway:
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Larynx (voice box)
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchiole
Trachea (wind pipe)
Lungs
Bronchi
Bronchiole
Epithelial lining, smooth muscle,
and connective tissue (rings made
of cartilage hold the tubes open)
Alveoli (the ends of
the air passageway.
GAS EXCHANGE THROUGH ALVEOLI
Alveoli
Alveoli –
• thin wall sacs;
• sites of gas
exchange within the
lungs
• Functional Units of
the Respiratory System
 There are about 300 million
alveoli in each lung, with a total
surface area the size of a movie
screen!
• tremendous amount of
surface area available
for gas exchange.
GAS EXCHANGE THROUGH ALVEOLI
Diffusion = movement
of molecules from
HIGH to LOW
concentration
CO2 diffuses out of
the blood
&
O2 diffuses into the
blood
The alveolar air space should have high amounts of O2
and low amounts of CO2 as long as breaths are being
taken.
Boyle’s Law
Pressure changes that drive inhalation and exhalation are governed, in
part, by Boyle’s Law
• The volume of a gas varies inversely with its pressure
Muscles of Inhalation and Exhalation
Position of the Diaphragm During Inhalation
and Exhalation
Which process facilitates the movement of
oxygen from the alveoli into the capillaries.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Active transport
Simple diffusion
Exocytosis
Phagocytosis
Which process facilitates the movement of
oxygen from the alveoli into the capillaries.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Active transport
Simple diffusion
Exocytosis
Phagocytosis
OXYGEN TRANSPORT
>97% of oxygen is carried bound to hemoglobin
Red blood
cell
Hemoglobin
Iron
Oxygen
Red Blood Cells – specialized to transport gases;
no nucleus when mature; packed full of hemoglobin
which is a iron containing protein essential for
oxygen transport & helpful for CO2 transport
Gas Exchange
• Air entering the lungs
contains more O2 and less
CO2 than blood that flows in
the pulmonary capillaries.
• How do these differences in
concentrations assist gas
exchange?
O2 transport
Hemoglobin binds to O2
that diffuses into blood
stream
CO2 Transport
• CO2 can dissolve in
plasma
• Some CO2 can bind to
hemoglobin for
transport
For an experiment to measure the volume of
CO2 that can be exhaled by individuals of
varying ages, which of the following would be
the most appropriate unit of measurement?
A.
B.
C.
D.
amu
atm
liters
grams
For an experiment to measure the volume of
CO2 that can be exhaled by individuals of
varying ages, which of the following would be
the most appropriate unit of measurement?
A.
B.
C.
D.
amu
atm
liters
grams
Which of the following best explains how
inhalation occurs in the human respiratory
system?
A. the diaphragm contracts and lifts, making the air pressure in the lungs
decrease.
B. the diaphragm relaxes and lifts, making the air pressure in the lungs
increase.
C. the diaphragm contracts and lowers, making the air pressure in the lungs
decrease
D. the diaphragm relaxes and lowers, making the air pressure in the lungs
decrease
Which of the following best explains how
inhalation occurs in the human respiratory
system?
A. the diaphragm contracts and lifts, making the air pressure in the lungs
decrease.
B. the diaphragm relaxes and lifts, making the air pressure in the lungs
increase.
C. the diaphragm contracts and lowers, making the air pressure in the lungs
decrease
D. the diaphragm relaxes and lowers, making the air pressure in the lungs
decrease
Which of the following statements regarding the
“oxygen debt” created during heavy exercise is
true?
A. Oxygen debt is created due to build-up of lactic acid in the liver, which
needs a high level of oxygen to be stored.
B. Oxygen debt is created due to build-up of lactic acid in the muscles,
which needs a high level of carbon dioxide to be oxidized
C. Oxygen debt is created due to build-up of lactic acid in the muscles,
which needs a high level of oxygen to be oxidized.
D. Oxygen debt is created due to build-up of acetic acid in the muscles,
which needs a high level of oxygen to be oxidized
Which of the following statements regarding the
“oxygen debt” created during heavy exercise is
true?
A. Oxygen debt is created due to build-up of lactic acid in the liver, which
needs a high level of oxygen to be stored.
B. Oxygen debt is created due to build-up of lactic acid in the muscles,
which needs a high level of carbon dioxide to be oxidized
C. Oxygen debt is created due to build-up of lactic acid in the muscles,
which needs a high level of oxygen to be oxidized.
D. Oxygen debt is created due to build-up of acetic acid in the muscles,
which needs a high level of oxygen to be oxidized