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The Verbal Trio Learning about Verbals Reading and Discussion Every sentence needs a verb. Verbs are the action words in a sentence. They tell us what the subject does or what the subject is. For example: Susan jumped rope all afternoon. Susan is the subject. The verb jumped tells what she did. Sometimes verbs do not act like verbs at all. They act like other parts of speech such as nouns, adjectives or adverbs. When they do this they are called verbals. Verbals are still verbs. They still express action or state of being, but they are not used as the main verb in a sentence. There are three main kinds of verbals: 1. infinitives 2. gerunds 3. participles 1. Infinitives are verb forms that can be used as nouns, adjectives or adverbs. An infinitive combines the word to with the base form of a verb. For example, to walk, to see, to run, and to dream, are all infinitives. To walk the Appalachian Trail is Becky’s greatest dream. To walk is used as a noun and it is the subject of the sentence. Infinitive phrases contain the infinitive and the words needed to make the meaning clear. To walk the Appalachian Trail is Becky’s greatest dream. To walk the Appalachian Trail is the infinitive phrase. 2. Gerunds are verb forms that always end in ing and act like nouns. Gerunds are often used as subjects or direct objects. Riding is my favorite sport. Riding is used as a noun, and it is the subject of the sentence. Susan enjoys swimming and hiking. Copyright 2008 LessonSnips www.lessonsnips.com Swimming and hiking are used as nouns and they are direct objects in this sentence. Gerund phrases include a gerund and any other words needed to complete its meaning. Riding my bike is my favorite activity. Riding my bike is a gerund phrase. 3. Participles can be used as adjectives. Every verb has a present participle and a past participle. The present participle always ends in ing, and the past participle usually ends in d, t, n, ed, or en. Although the participle acts like an adjective, it is still part of a verb. It can take a direct object and it can be modified or described by an adverb. Participial phrases are made of the participle and any other words needed to make its meaning complete. For example: The costumes hanging in the cloakroom need to be ironed. Hanging in the cloakroom is a participial phrase in this sentence. Participles can have two jobs: 1. They can show tense when combined with a helping verb. I am riding my bike. Am is the helping verb. Riding is the verb. 2. They can be used as adjectives. Remember that adjectives are words that are used to describe nouns. Burned spaghetti tastes awful. Burned is the participle. It describes spaghetti. The laughing hyena made us all giggle. Laughing describes hyena. Although laughing is usually a verb because it is an action word, here it is used as an adjective instead. Laughing is a participle. It is a verb acting like an adjective. Copyright 2008 LessonSnips www.lessonsnips.com Activities Activity A: Let’s review. Write the answers to the questions on the lines below. 1. A ___________________________________ is a verb that acts like another part of speech. 2. What are the three main kinds of verbals? ______________________, ___________________________,________________________________ 3. _____________________________ combine a base verb and the word to. 4. ____________________________are verbs that act like nouns. 5. _______________________________can be used as adjectives. 6. What are the two kinds of participles? ___________________________, ___________________________________ 7. An _____________________________ is a word used to describe a noun. 8. An _____________________________is a word used to describe or modify a verb, adjective or other adverb. 9. A present participle always ends in these three letters. _______________. Activity B: Write your own sentences with infinitives and gerunds. 1. Write a sentence using the infinitive to jump. Use the infinitive as the subject of the sentence. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 2. Write a sentence using the gerund jumping. Use the gerund as the subject of the sentence. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Copyright 2008 LessonSnips www.lessonsnips.com Answer Key Activity A 1. A verbal is a verb that acts like another part of speech. 2. What are the three main kinds of verbals? Infinitives, gerunds, participles. 3. Infinitives combine a base verb and the word to. 4. Gerunds are verbs that act like nouns. 5. Participles can be used as adjectives. 6. What are the two kinds of participles? Past or Present. 7. An adjective is a word used to describe a noun. 8. An adverb is a word used to describe or modify a verb, adjective or other adverb. 9. A present participle always ends in these three letters: ing. Activity B Answers will vary. Copyright 2008 LessonSnips www.lessonsnips.com