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Artificial Intelligence
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AIMCORP-Automated Information
Management Corporation
History …
 In the early 1900’s, Torresy Quevedo, a
Spanish inventor, built a machine that
could checkmate its opponent with a rook
and a king against a king;
 Systematic work began only after the
invention of the digital computer;
 The 1st scientific article on Artificial
Intelligence (AI) was published by Alan
Turing in 1950;
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History …
 The 1st. Full time research group was started in 1954
at Carnegie Mellon University by Allen Newell and
Herbert Simon;
 It all started in the Dartmouth conference where ten
young researchers had the same dream of using a
computer to model the ways humans think;
 Their hypothesis was that mechanisms of human
thought could be precisely modeled and simulated on
a digital computer; and
 This is what the whole foundation of AI is based on.
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Intelligence …
 Intelligence is defined as:
• The faculty of understanding;
• Capacity for learning, reasoning, and
understanding;
• Aptitude in grasping truths, relationships,
facts, meaning, etc.
• Mental alertness or quickness of
understanding; and
• Manifestation of a high mental capacity.
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Artificial Intelligence ...
 The most common definition of Artificial
Intelligence is:
• The study of how to make computers do
things which, at the moment, people do
better (Rich, 1991).
 Another way of defining AI is:
• The area of computer science focusing on
creating machines that can engage on
behaviour that humans consider
intelligent.
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Definition ...
 AI is a discipline that allows us to
build intelligent computers
(Systems/applications) which are
capable of learning, understanding,
and developing a sense to forecast,
foretell, and foresee the behaviour
(Ali 1987).
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Herbert Simon ...
 “It is not my aim to surprise or shock you …
but the simplest way I can summarize is to
say that there are now machines in the world
that can think, that can learn, and that can
create. Moreover, their ability to do these
things is going to increase rapidly until - in a
visible future - the range of problems they
can handle will be coextensive with the range
to which the human mind has been applied.”
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Branches of AI …
Heuristics
Ontology
Pattern
Recognition
Expert
Systems
Representation
AI
Logical AI
Inference
Search
Learning from
Experience
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Planning
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Expert Systems …
 Expert systems are also known as knowledge-based
systems;
 Expert systems are computer systems that rely on a
knowledge base of rules that pertain to a specific
application area;
 Experts in the application give rules of thumb to use
in certain situations;
 The rules of thumb are linked into preset if-then rules
to solve the problem; and
 Essentially, the expert system mimics the expert’s
thought process in troubleshooting the problem.
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