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From Republic to Empire Roman Republic Collapses CAUSES: Lower classes discontent Breakdown of military order Economic Turmoil Gap b/t rich and poor increases Help is Here! Two brothers attempt to help Rome’s urban poor (Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus) Proposed reforms: Limit size of estates & give land to poor Outraged many senators (why?) and soon met VIOLENT deaths Led to a period of civil war b/t rich and poor Ineffective Military? No longer loyal to Rome Generals break away and seize power Landless poor recruited as soldiers (why?) Rise of Julius Caesar…… Julius Caesar Military leader Formed the Triumvirate that ruled Rome for 10 years (along w/Crassus & Pompey) Conquered Gaul (France)=popular w/Romans Caesar’s new popularity made Pompey jealous Senate, “Caesar you must disband legions” Caesar refuses Caesar=Dictator After winning his campaign against Pompey, the Senate declared Caesar DICTATOR 2 years later, Caesar declares himself “Dictator for LIFE” Caesar’s Reforms 1. 2. 3. 4. Governed as an Absolute Ruler (total power) Reforms: Roman citizenship granted to ppl in provinces Expanded Senate (loyalty rewarded) Created jobs (helped poor) Increased soldiers pay Reaction of Other Senators… Feared Caesar’s growing popularity Tyrant??? Assassination of Caesar (Marcus Brutus & Gaius Cassius) March 15, 44 BC, Caesar stabbed to death in Senate chamber FOR CAESAR! Second Triumvirate formed Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus (powerful politician) 43 BC: took control of Rome Soon after, triumvirate fell apart (jealousy & violence) Augustus is BORN!! After defeating Antony & Cleopatra, Octavian becomes the unchallenged ruler of Rome Accepts title of “Augustus” meaning “Exalted One” Rome = an empire ruled by 1 man New Roman Empire Rule of Augustus = Pax Romana (Roman Peace) Successful empire (why?) Very stable & effective government Success Under Augustus Glorified Rome w/elaborate buildings Civil service (workers paid to manage govt’s affairs) Postal service Even after Augustus’ death, the empire remained stable Trade in the Empire, AD 200 Slavery In Rome Were conquered peoples Children of slaves were slaves City and farm work Most were treated cruelly Men, women, and children Gladiators Slave revolts were unsuccessful Government = Religion? Government & religion linked Deities were symbols of the state Expected to honor gods in public and private Entertainment to Control the Masses Gladiator fights & games Free to the public Celebrations in the Roman Colosseum