Download REVIEW - Antebellum and Civil War

Make Sure to Add to Study Guide
• Importance of the Minie Ball …
• How many more soldiers died during the Civil
War from infections then from immediate
combat deaths on the battlefield?
• Clara Barton …
• How did photography taken during the Civil
War impact public opinion?
Antebellum Era
1861
1776
Long-term Causes of the Civil War
– Slavery (1619-1865)
– Eli Whitney & Cotton Gin (1793)
– Second Great Awakening (1800-1830) & Rise of Abolitionism
• Circuit Riders & Reforming Society
– “Slave Power” Influence (post-1830’s)
• Southern Reaction
– Ambiguities of the U.S. Constitution (1787)
• Can states leave the Union?
* Is the Constitutional Union perpetual?
– Tradition of States’ Rights
• Whiskey Rebellion (1794)
* Hartford Convention (1814)
– Westward Expansion & “Manifest Destiny” (1803 – 1850)
– Economic differences North and South
Antebellum Era
1776
1861
• Immediate Events
– Fugitive Slave Act, 1850 (Part of Compromise of 1850)
– Dred Scott Case, 1857
– John Brown’s Raid, 1859
– Election of Abraham Lincoln, 1860
– South Carolina Secedes, Dec. 20, 1860
** President Lincoln decides to reinforce Fort Sumter,
S.C., April 12, 1861
Antebellum Era
1861
1776
Other Antebellum Era Developments
– Attempts by Southerners to deal with Slavery …
• Gabriel’s Rebellion (1800)
• American Colonization Society (1816)
• Virginia’s Haiti Plan (1820)
– Balloon-frame Housing Construction
– Development of “Managers” / “Bosses” as workplace
system
• “Wage slavery”
Review Questions
(1) A state, calling a state convention of delegates,
voting to separate from the larger nation is called
_____________.
A. Popular sovereignty
B. Nullification
C. Secession
D. Abolitionism
E. Separation of powers
• What is being argued is the
basis for nullification, the
power of the States to nullify a
law passed by the Federal
Government.
• Argument for nullification
eventually grows by 1860 to
assume the right for secession.
John C. Calhoun, Southerner and
supporter of “Nullification”
Secession
• Hartford Convention (1814) – first time in U.S.
History states (New England states) considered
leaving the National Government
• Secession – breaking away or leaving the country
form your own country
Hartford
Convention, how
does this relate to
the Civil War?
Review Questions
(2) The Second Great Awakening of 1800 to 1830
featured Protestant Christian revivals that motivated
enthusiasm for moral and cultural reforms including the
_____________, which had the effect of dividing the
states of North and South.
A. Temperance Movement
B. Poverty Reforms
C. Abolitionist Movement
D. Public School Movement
Causes of U.S. Civil War – “LONG TERM”
• Second Great Awakening and Rise of Abolitionism in
North (1830’s)
– “Circuit Riders” …
– Appeal to reform society …
– Liberator, William Lloyd Garrison
(1831 – 1865)
– Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)
Review Questions
(3) The following event, called the ____________,
included California becoming a free state, the
Fugitive Slave Law, and slavery possibly being
allowed in the Mexican Cession.
A. Popular Sovereignty
B. Missouri Compromise
C. Wilmot Proviso
D. Kansas-Nebraska Act
E. Compromise of 1850
Compromise
of 1850
(1) Texas surrenders
territorial claims
(2) California a free
state
(3) Slavery not
restricted in Mexican
Cession, so
“popular sovereignty” in Utah and New Mexico territories
(4) Slave trade banned in Washington D.C.
(5) Fugitive Slave Act
Mexican Cession & “Popular
Sovereignty”
• Mexican Cession
(Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo)
• Increases the size of the
United States w/ Mexican
Cession by 1/3.
• Popular Sovereignty
• This is the idea that the people of a territory will
vote by popular majority whether they want to
allow slavery.
Fugitive Slave Act (1850)
• After accusation, only an
affidavit or testimony leads to
arrest
• Accused has no right to testify
• Federal commissioners have incentive to rule in favor
of slave catcher:
– Get $10 if judged slave
– Get $5 if judged free
• U.S. Marshals could deputize citizens to round up
“escaped slaves”
Territorial Expansion
• Solutions to settling the crisis of settling the
territories:
•
•
•
•
•
•
(1) Missouri Compromise, 1820
(2) Wilmot Proviso, 1846, 47, & 48
(3) Mexican Cession, 1848 (war w/ Mexico, 1846-48)
(4) Compromise of 1850
(5) Popular Sovereignty
(6) Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854
– “Bleeding Kansas” Crisis, 1854-1861
Review Questions
(4) With each new territory and added to the
United States the main question(s) asked by
our nation’s leaders is (are) ______________
A. Is this territory going to allow slavery?
B. What will the standards be to determine
whether this territory should become a
state?
C. How do we maintain the political balance
between slave and free states?
D. Answers “A” and “C”
• Adding new
territory always
adds to tension
between North
and South and
leads to the
questions –
• (1) Will this new
territory allow
slavery? and
• (2) How do we
maintain the
balance
between free
and slave
states?
Review Questions
(5) The central question regarding the ambiguity of
the Constitution relating to States Rights’ is
_____________?
A. Are slaves really worth only 3/5ths of a person
B. Does the president have the authority to regulate
slavery
C. Are states able to leave the Union
D. Are slave owners able to take their slaves
anywhere in the country
• Moral Issue
regarding the
Civil War …
• Legal Issue
regarding the
Civil War …
Review Questions
(6) One long-term cause of the Civil War, referred to as
_____________, which was a reaction to the rise in
abolitionism in the Northern states.
A. Westward settlement
B. Slave Power Influence
C. Tradition of States’ Rights
D. Ambiguities within the Constitution
Review Questions
(7) The word “Oceti Sakowin” refers to
_________________.
A. The Lakota, Nakota, and Dakota, “The People”
B. Extended family
C. All my relations
D. People of the Seven Council Fires
Lone Dog’s
Winter
Count
High Dog’s
Winter
Count
Sam Kills
Two
Traditional Lakota Lands
• Native American Tribes
w/ ties to Black Hills …
• Oceti Sakowin / Seven
Council Fires …
• Origin of “Sioux” name …
• Originated in the Black
Hills?
• Migration History …
Review Questions
(8) John Brown’s Raid differed from earlier
abolitionist efforts to abolish slavery because
________________.
A. He believed white people and African Americans
were essentially equal.
B. He did not wait for the political process to slowly
change the nation, instead resorting to violence.
C. He did not believe that a large number of people
were needed to effect great change.
John Brown
- Raid on Lawrence, KS: May 21,1856 –
pro-slavery attack
- Pottawatomie Massacre: May 24-25, 1856, John
Brown leads abolitionists soldiers
- John Brown’s Raid: Harpers Ferry, Virginia: Oct.
16, 1859, which has an
arsenal of weapons
On December 2, 1859, Brown wrote:
“I, John Brown, am now quite certain
that the crimes of this guilty land will
never be purged away but with blood.”
Review Questions
(9) The U.S. Supreme Court decision of Dred Scott v.
Sanford (1857), an attempt by Scott and his wife to
sue for their freedom, did Not include
________________, which of the following decisions
by Chief Justice Roger Taney.
A. “The [African American] had no right the white man is
bound to respect.”
B. The Missouri Compromise is unconstitutional
C. Only the President can limit the extension of slavery,
not the Congress
D. African Americans cannot sue and are not citizens of
any state
E. Slave owners may bring their slaves into any territory or
state of their choice, because slaves are property
Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)
** Taney Court decides:
- (1) Dred Scott remains a slave
- (2) African-Americans not citizens of
any state
- Supreme Court decides black people cannot
bring suit in court
- (3) Protects property of slave-owners
- The Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional
- Slavery protected by 5th Amendment
- Slaves can be taken anywhere
- (4) Congress cannot make any laws
respecting slavery
Review Questions
(10) The North’s strategy called the ______________
consisted of blocking the major Southern ports to
prevent the trading of goods and war supplies from
other nations, possessing the Mississippi River to split
the Confederacy in two, and destroying the
Confederacy’s railroad and transportation systems.
A. Anaconda Plan
B. Python Plan
C. Lincoln’s “Great Plan”
D. Sherman’s “March to the Sea”
E. Answers “A” and “D”
Anaconda Plan
War Strategy - North and South
** Many on both sides believed it would be a short war.
North
– “Anaconda Plan”
– Blockade of Confederate ports
– Divide the South in two halves
• Take the Mississippi River
• Destroy South’s railway systems
South
- War of attrition
- Break North’s resolve
to continue fighting
- Offensive victories
- Foreign intervention
Advantages of North and South
North
South
– Larger Population
- Knew the geography
– Manufactured goods
- Better generals
– Navy and merchant ships
- Better morale
– More farms
– Railroads
** South experienced
– Iron production
9,000 % inflation
– Banking capital ** financing the war!!!
North: Loaf of Bread, $0.05
before war, $0.09 by end of
war.
South: Loaf of Bread, $0.05
before war, $450 in Confederate
bills by end of war.
Border States
* Importance
of Maryland …
* Importance
of Missouri
and Kentucky
…
Review Questions
(11) T / F: The United States Civil War was fought
solely because of the issue of slavery.
A. True
B. False
Review Questions
(12) The following battle, the Battle of __________, a
Northern victory, (1st) prevented France or Great Britain
from recognizing the Confederacy which could have led to
financial aid and, (2nd) it led to the issuing of the
Emancipation Proclamation.
A. Gettysburg
B. Vicksburg
C. Antietam
Civil War Battles
• (13) The first battle of the Civil War, this was an attack by the
Confederacy upon a major base guarding Charleston Harbor in
South Carolina, as this fortress fell into Confederate hands on
April 13, 1861.
Civil War Battles
• (14) A major, bloody battle fought
in the Western Theater of the Civil
War on April 6–7, 1862, in
southwestern, led by Union
General Ulysses S. Grant and by
Confederate General Albert Sidney
Johnston and P.G.T. Beauregard.
The Confederate Army of
Mississippi almost had Grant’s
Army of the Tennessee pinned up
against the Tennessee River.
However, by the morning of April
7, 1862 General Buell’s Army of
the Ohio reinforced Grant, and the
Union counterattacked. The Union
now possessed the Tennessee
River Valley.
“Little Round Top”
(15) What
battle
involved
these
famous
scenes of
battle?
“Pickett’s Charge”
Civil War Battles
• (15) Gettysburg – threeday battle, fought from 1
July – 3 July 1863. Was a
major turning point in the
war, as the Confederacy
never again tried to attack
Northern soil. The Army of
Northern Virginia lost more
than 20,000 men, 1/3 of its
army.
Civil War Battles
(16) Taking place from 22 May
to 4 July, 1863, this battle was a
major turning point, leading to
the Union possessing all of the
Mississippi River, an important
part of the Anaconda Plan.
Civil War Battles
(17) Another important
military campaign,
taking place from 9
June to 25 March,
1865. Although not a
classic siege, Gen.
Grant build more than
30 miles of trenches
around most of the city,
cutting off the railroad
to Richmond, VA, the
capital of the
Confederacy.
Gen. Lee’s Flight from Petersburg, VA
to Appomattox Court House, VA
• Gen. Lee’s men are surrounded by Northern Gen.
Sheridan and Grant, and he surrenders to Gen. Grant on
April 9, 1865.
Lee Surrenders at Appomattox
• From U.S. Grant To R.E. Lee,
Appomattox Court-House, Virginia April 9, 1865.
• General: I propose to receive the surrender of the army of
Northern Virginia on the following terms … The officers to
give their individual paroles not to take up arms against the
government of the United States … The arms, artillery, and
public property to be parked and stacked … This will not
embrace the side-arms of the officers nor their private horses
or baggage. This done, each officer and man will be allowed
to return to his home, not to be disturbed by United States
authority so long as they observe their paroles and the laws
in force where they may reside.
Lee Surrenders at Appomattox
• From R.E. Lee To U.S. Grant
Head-Quarters, Army of Northern Virginia April 9, 1865.
• General: I received your letter of this date containing the terms of
the surrender of the army of Northern Virginia, as proposed by
you. As they are substantially the same as those expressed in your
letter of the 8th instant, they are accepted. I will proceed to
designate the proper officers to carry the stipulations into effect.
• R. E. Lee, General. Lieutenant-General U.S. Grant.
** Gen. Lee thanks Gen. Grant, stating, the kindness
would “do much toward conciliating our people.”
Headquarters, Army of Northern Virginia, 10th April 1865.
General Order No. 9, from Robert E. Lee …
“But feeling that valour and devotion could accomplish
nothing that could compensate for the loss that must have
attended the continuance of the contest, I have determined to
avoid the useless sacrifice of those whose past services have
endeared them to their countrymen.”
“By the terms of the agreement, officers and men can return
to their homes and remain until exchanged. You will take with
you the satisfaction that proceeds from the consciousness of
duty faithfully performed, and I earnestly pray that a merciful
God will extend to you his blessing and protection.”
— R. E. Lee, General, General Order No. 9