Download Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

Sedimentary Rocks
Most Sedimentary Rocks:
Sediments are eroded
from rocks, perhaps transported, deposited, then
compacted and lithified (hardened and turned into a
sedimentary rock).
A Sedimentary Rock is…..
rock formed from the lithification or
crystallization of:
1. Minerals in solution
2. Organic remains
3. Materials produced by living things
(biochemical)
4. Clastic Sediments (rock fragments of all
sizes)
So Sedimentary Rocks form through compacting
and cementing of sediments.
Lithification-to harden and form rock
(Deposition, Compaction, Cementation)
Silica Crystals
Crystallization- Solidification of dissolved
minerals from solution.
Sediment- Rock fragments, dissolved minerals
and remains of living and nonliving parts of
plants and animals.
Lithification:
Step 1 - Deposition
Deposition (to lay down) happens when:
the Transport Agent no longer has the energy/force
required to carry the Sediment
Determined by:
Size/Weight of Sediments
Amount of Energy/Force in Transport Agent
Lithification:
Step 2 - Compaction
Lithification:
Step 3 - Cementation
Types of Sedimentary Rocks
(Classified by formation)
• Clastic-Made of fragments of other rocks.
• Chemical-Made from dissolved minerals.
• Biochemical-Made by living things, but was
never alive (seashells).
• Organic-Made of the organic remains of living
things.
Clastic Sediments- Fragments of
pre-existing rock.
Sediments from here
Alluvial Fan
Alluvial Sediments and braided stream
Gravel Bar
Tallus Pile
Glacial Sediment
Sand Bar
Chemical Sediments- Minerals in
solution in water.
Biochemical Sediments- Nonliving
remains of plants and animals.
Organic Sediments-remains of the
living tissues of plants and animals.
Peat- Plant remains
Examples of Sedimentary Rocks
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
• Clastic-Made of fragments of other rocks.
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
Claystone
Conglomerate
Shale
Clastic Sedimentary Rock Names:
Particle Size
Sediment
Gravel
Conglomerate
Sand
Sandstone
Silt
Siltstone
Clay
Shale
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
Conglomerate and Breccia – have gravels and cobbles
(Coarse-grained)
(Conglomerates
have rounded
clasts)
(Breccia has angular clasts)
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
Sandstones – have sands (fine to coarse grained)
Arkose
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
Siltstones – have silts (fine-grained)
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
Mudstones – have clays (very fine-grained)
Sedimentary Rocks of
Chemical Origin
• Chemical-Made from dissolved minerals.
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Precipitation and Evaporation
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Evaporites
Halite
Gypsum
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Evaporites
Salt Flats
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Carbonates
The Carbonate Sedimenatary Rocks are
composed of mostly Calcium Carbonate.
The Carbonates are divided into:
Inorganic Carbonates (chemical sedimentary
rocks)
And
Biochemical Carbonates (contains remains of
living things)
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Inorganic
Carbonates
Travertine
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Inorganic
Carbonates
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Inorganic
Carbonates
Travertine
Travertine Stalactites
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Inorganic
Carbonates
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Inorganic
Carbonate
Travertine
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Inorganic
Carbonates
Inorganic Limestone
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Biochemical Carbonates
Biochemical-Made by living things, but was never alive
(seashells).
Stromatolitic Limestone –
(remains of photosynthetic
process of algal blooms)
Biochemical Limestone –
(shells)
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Biochemical Carbonates
Biochemical Limestone
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Biochemical Carbonates
Coquina
Chalk
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Silica-based Sedimentary Rocks
Chert (Flint)
Nodules
Geodes
Sedimentary Rocks of
Organic Origin
• Organic-Made of the organic
remains of living things.
Organic Sedimentary Rock - Coal
Peat
So Remember . . .
Sediments Are Classified Based On:
1. Origin and Composition (What
they are made of).
Clastic
Sediment Classification II
Sediments Are Classified Based On:
2. Size of the sediment (clastic sediments
range in size from clay to boulders)
Gravel
Pebbles
S
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d
Sediment Production
Sediments are produced by:
Weathering (breaking down) and Erosion
(transport) of
Parent material
by:
Chemical and Physical Processes.
Sediment Transport
Wind
Water
Glaciers
Gravity
Volcanic Eruption
Shaping of Sediments
Sorting of Sediments
Sediments are Sorted by their Transport
Agents According to:
S I ze
of the Sediment
Sorting of Sediments
Very Poorly Sorted
Very Well Sorted
Well or poorly
sorted??
• Well or poorly sorted??
Well or poorly sorted??
Sorting of Sediments: Glaciers
Sedimentary Rock Structures
Fossils: Molds
Fossils: Casts
Trilobite
Sedimentary Rocks are identified
by their horizontal layers
called…….
Sedimentary Formations
Cross-Bedding
Bedding Planes not Parallel
Ripple Marks
Beach
River
Mud Cracks