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Sedimentary Rocks Most Sedimentary Rocks: Sediments are eroded from rocks, perhaps transported, deposited, then compacted and lithified (hardened and turned into a sedimentary rock). A Sedimentary Rock is….. rock formed from the lithification or crystallization of: 1. Minerals in solution 2. Organic remains 3. Materials produced by living things (biochemical) 4. Clastic Sediments (rock fragments of all sizes) So Sedimentary Rocks form through compacting and cementing of sediments. Lithification-to harden and form rock (Deposition, Compaction, Cementation) Silica Crystals Crystallization- Solidification of dissolved minerals from solution. Sediment- Rock fragments, dissolved minerals and remains of living and nonliving parts of plants and animals. Lithification: Step 1 - Deposition Deposition (to lay down) happens when: the Transport Agent no longer has the energy/force required to carry the Sediment Determined by: Size/Weight of Sediments Amount of Energy/Force in Transport Agent Lithification: Step 2 - Compaction Lithification: Step 3 - Cementation Types of Sedimentary Rocks (Classified by formation) • Clastic-Made of fragments of other rocks. • Chemical-Made from dissolved minerals. • Biochemical-Made by living things, but was never alive (seashells). • Organic-Made of the organic remains of living things. Clastic Sediments- Fragments of pre-existing rock. Sediments from here Alluvial Fan Alluvial Sediments and braided stream Gravel Bar Tallus Pile Glacial Sediment Sand Bar Chemical Sediments- Minerals in solution in water. Biochemical Sediments- Nonliving remains of plants and animals. Organic Sediments-remains of the living tissues of plants and animals. Peat- Plant remains Examples of Sedimentary Rocks Clastic Sedimentary Rocks • Clastic-Made of fragments of other rocks. Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Claystone Conglomerate Shale Clastic Sedimentary Rock Names: Particle Size Sediment Gravel Conglomerate Sand Sandstone Silt Siltstone Clay Shale Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Conglomerate and Breccia – have gravels and cobbles (Coarse-grained) (Conglomerates have rounded clasts) (Breccia has angular clasts) Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Sandstones – have sands (fine to coarse grained) Arkose Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Siltstones – have silts (fine-grained) Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Mudstones – have clays (very fine-grained) Sedimentary Rocks of Chemical Origin • Chemical-Made from dissolved minerals. Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Precipitation and Evaporation Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Evaporites Halite Gypsum Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Evaporites Salt Flats Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Carbonates The Carbonate Sedimenatary Rocks are composed of mostly Calcium Carbonate. The Carbonates are divided into: Inorganic Carbonates (chemical sedimentary rocks) And Biochemical Carbonates (contains remains of living things) Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Inorganic Carbonates Travertine Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Inorganic Carbonates Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Inorganic Carbonates Travertine Travertine Stalactites Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Inorganic Carbonates Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Inorganic Carbonate Travertine Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Inorganic Carbonates Inorganic Limestone Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Biochemical Carbonates Biochemical-Made by living things, but was never alive (seashells). Stromatolitic Limestone – (remains of photosynthetic process of algal blooms) Biochemical Limestone – (shells) Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Biochemical Carbonates Biochemical Limestone Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Biochemical Carbonates Coquina Chalk Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Silica-based Sedimentary Rocks Chert (Flint) Nodules Geodes Sedimentary Rocks of Organic Origin • Organic-Made of the organic remains of living things. Organic Sedimentary Rock - Coal Peat So Remember . . . Sediments Are Classified Based On: 1. Origin and Composition (What they are made of). Clastic Sediment Classification II Sediments Are Classified Based On: 2. Size of the sediment (clastic sediments range in size from clay to boulders) Gravel Pebbles S a n d Sediment Production Sediments are produced by: Weathering (breaking down) and Erosion (transport) of Parent material by: Chemical and Physical Processes. Sediment Transport Wind Water Glaciers Gravity Volcanic Eruption Shaping of Sediments Sorting of Sediments Sediments are Sorted by their Transport Agents According to: S I ze of the Sediment Sorting of Sediments Very Poorly Sorted Very Well Sorted Well or poorly sorted?? • Well or poorly sorted?? Well or poorly sorted?? Sorting of Sediments: Glaciers Sedimentary Rock Structures Fossils: Molds Fossils: Casts Trilobite Sedimentary Rocks are identified by their horizontal layers called……. Sedimentary Formations Cross-Bedding Bedding Planes not Parallel Ripple Marks Beach River Mud Cracks