Download 6 Kingdoms

6 Kingdoms of Life
SOL BIO: 5 a-f
Classification
• Need to organize information
• Taxonomy – branch of biology that
names and groups organisms
according to their characteristics and
evolutionary history
Domains and Kingdoms
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A three domain system of classification
is commonly used.
• Organisms are placed into domains and
kingdoms based on their cell type, their
ability to make food, and the number of
cells in their bodies.
• The three domains are Bacteria,
Archaea, and Eukarya.
7 levels of Classification
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Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
King Phillip Came
Over From Great
Spain
Important People
• Aristotle- classified based on qualities
like shape, ability to do harm, whether
they are air, land, or water dwellers
• Linnaeus- classified based on form
and structure; came up with
Binomial Nomenclature
• Binomial Nomenclature
• Definition – Genus is a classification
grouping that contains similar, closely
related organisms.
•– The genus is the first word in an
organism’s scientific name.
•– The species is the second word in an
organism’s scientific name
• When writing in binomial nomenclature:
The Genus is always written as a capital
letter.
The species is always written as a lower
case letter.
If typing the name, put it in italics
If writing the name, underline both the
genus and species
Example: Homo sapiens
• –– The second word in an
organism’s name describes a
• unique feature of the organism.
• • Definition – Species is a group
of similar organisms that can
mate with each other and
produce offspring that can also
mate and reproduce.
• The grouping of organisms into
KINGDOMS is based on 3 factors:
– 1. Cell Type (prokyotic or eukaryotic)
– 2. Cell Number (unicellular or multicellular)
– 3. Feeding Type (autotroph or heterotroph)
1. Cell Type- The presence or absence of
cellular structures such as the nucleus,
mitochondria, or a cell wall
Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes – Bacteria!
• DO NOT HAVE:
•An organized nucleus
•Structured organelles
Eukaryotes
• DO HAVE:
• Nucleus organized with a membrane
Also have other
organelles
2nd criteria for Kingdom Divisions:
Cell Number
•Unicellular- single celled organism –
protozoans, bacteria, some algae
•Multicellular- many celled organism –
cells start to specialize/differentiate
• Unicellular
• Multicellular
3rd Criteria for Kingdom Divisions
Feeding Type - How the organisms get their food
–Autotroph Producer
Make their own food
–Heterotroph or Consumer
Must eat other organisms
to survive
Includes decomposers –
those that eat dead
matter!
6 Kingdoms
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Archaebacteria
Prokaryotes
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Eukaryotes
Plantae
Animalia
Cell Wall
Kingdom
Cell Type
Cell #
Feeding Type
Archaebacteria
Prokaryote
Unicellular
Autotroph
Eubacteria
Prokaryote
Unicellular
Both
Yes
Protista
Eukaryote
Most
Unicellular
Both
Yes & NO
Fungi
Eukaryote
both
Heterotroph
Yes
Plantae
Eukaryote
Multicellular
Autotroph
Yes
Animalia
Eukaryote
Multicellular
Heterotroph
NO
Yes
Archaebacteria
• These are the oldest
organisms on earth
and although they
look like bacteria,
they are very
different. NONE are
pathogenic.
Archaebacteria
• Ancient bacteria– Live in very harsh
environments
– extremophiles
Archaebacteria
• Methods of reproduction: ASSEXUAL
• 1. Fragmentation: organism splits into
fragments and each fragment becomes a
new organism
• 2. Budding: organisms form from outgrowths
of parent
• 3. Binary Fission: Organism splits in two
Archaebacteria
• Main Groups
• Methanogens: live where there is not oxygen, like
swamps and animal intestines, and are responsible
for producing methane gas.
• Halophiles: Live in extremely hot environments that
are very salty.
• Thermophiles: Live in extremely acidic, hot and
moist regions near sulfur springs.
Eubacteria
These are typical bacteria.
They have rigid cell walls
and can be dangerous to
humans. They are
unicellular prokaryotes.
They are classified
according to their shape
Bacteria
• Bacteria are unicellular
prokaryotes
Bacterial Shapes
• Bacteria come in 3
main shapes
– Rod or Stick (bacilli)
– Sphere (cocci)
– Helical or spiral
(spirilla)
Bacterial Locomotion
• Some bacteria have
flagella or cilia for
movement
• Some secrete a slime
layer and ooze over
surfaces like slugs
Bacterial Nutrition
• Some bacteria are autotrophs
and can photosynthesize
• Some bacteria are heterotrophs
and absorb organic matter from
dead or living organisms.
• Others are chemotrophic and
get food by breaking down
organic matter.
Bacteria Reproduction
• Binary fission (asexual)
– chromosome of the bacteria replicates and
organism splits in two
– Conjugation (sexual)
– Two individuals join and exchange genetic material
in the nucleus
Main Groups
• Purple Bacteria (Gram Positive)
• Green Bacteria (Gram Negative)
• Cyanobacteria
• These organisms cause tooth decay, turn milk
into yogurt, cause food poisoning and convert
nitrogen in the atmosphere into forms that
plants can use.
Protists
• Protists include microbes
such as slime molds,
protozoa and primitive
algae that mostly live in
water.
Most are unicellular but a
few are multi-celled and all
are eukaryotes.
• There are animal-like, fungus-like, and plant-like
protists, classified by how they move.
• Pseudopods: Temporary bulge in cell membrane that fill
with cytoplasm
• Cilia: tiny hair like structures that move like waves.
• Flagella: thin, long hair-like structure that whips
around.
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Animal like protists are heterotrophs:
Ex. Sarcodines (pseudopods), Ciliates(cillia) and
Zooflagelates(flagella), amoeba
Plant Like protists are autotrophs. Ex. Euglenoids,
Dinoflagellates, algae, diatoms, volvox
Fungus Like protists: They are heterotrophs. Ex. Water
Molds, Downy Mildews, Slime molds
• Some protists are beneficial but others cause diseases in
humans such as:
Protists Locomotion
• 3 types of movement:
–Pseudopod (false foot)
–Flagella
–cilia
Disease
Protist
Vector
(carrier)
Symptoms
Details
Amebic
dysentery
Ameba
histolytica
water
diarrhea
can get from tap
water in some places
Giardaisis
(beaver fever)
Giardia
water
diarrhea,
vomiting
don't drink water
from streams
African
Sleeping
Sickness
Trypanosoma
Tse tse fly
uncontrolled
sleepiness,
confusion
Only found in
isolated areas
lives in blood
Plasmodium
Anopheles
mosquito
fever, chills,
death
can be treated with
quinine
lives in blood
results in millions
deaths per year
Toxoplasma
cats
fetal death or
brain damage
pregnant women
should avoid cat
litter
Malaria
Toxoplasmosis
Protists Disease
• Amebic
dysentery
Ameba histolytica
Protists Disease
• Giardiasis
(beaver fever)
Giardia
Protists Disease
• African
Sleeping
Sickness
Trypanosoma
Protists Disease
• Malaria
Plasmodium
Protists Nutrition
• Protists can be
autotrophs or
heterotrophs
ProtistaReproduction
• Binary Fission (asexual)
• Conjugation (sexual)
Fungi Kingdom
• The Kingdom Fungi includes
some of the most important
organisms because they are
decomposers.
• By breaking down dead
organic material, they
continue the cycle of
nutrients through
ecosystems.
• All fungi are
eukaryotic
• They may be
unicellular or
multicellular
• All fungi have a
cell wall
Fungi
Unicellular
(yeast)
Multicellular
Fungi
• Fungi can be very
helpful and delicious
• Many antibacterial
drugs are derived
from fungi
Penicillin
Fungi
• Fungi also causes a number of plant and
animal diseases:
•Athlete's Foot
• Ringworm
Fungi
Fungi Locomotion
• Fungi are stationary
• They have root-like
structures that they
use for attachment
Fungi Nutrition
• All fungi are heterotrophs
- Saprophytes-get their nutrients
from dead organic matter
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Mutualists – live symbiotically
Parasites – absorb from a host,
eventually killing the host
There are 4 main types of Fungi classified by how
they reproduce): Spores (sexual & asexual),
Budding (asexual), vegetative growth
(asexual, fungus grows straight out of parent)
1. Zygospore (Zygosporangia)
common bread molds
reproduce by “spores”asexual reproduction!
There are 4 main types of Fungi
2. Club Fungi (Basidiomycetes)
Mushrooms & puffballs
- Reproduce by spores, some
spores are asexual (coming
from mitosis) and some are
sex spores (coming from
meiosis)
There are 4 main types of Fungi
3. Sac Fungi (Ascomycetes)
Yeast – reproduce by
“budding” = asexual method
There are 4 main types of Fungi
4. Imperfect Fungi (Deuteromycetes)
Pharmaceutically important!
-Fungi on oranges from which
penicillin is extracted
COMMERCIALLY important!
-Fungi accounts for the blue vein
in blue cheese!
-Used to make soy sauce. Yum!
Plant Kingdom
• All plants are
multicellular,
their cells
having a cell
wall, and…
• they are
autotrophs
5) Plant Kingdom
• Eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic
• Take up water and nutrients in roots; make food in leaves
(photosynthesis)
• Vascular plants: have vascular tissue tubes called xylem and
phloem to take up water, can live anywhere
• Non vascular: must live near water b/c they do not have xylem
and phloem
5) Plant Kingdom
Reproduction:
Alternation of generations: Plants alter between sexual and
asexual reproduction.
Budding
Pollination (Sexual) Can occur by insects, wind, or plant itself
Spores
• Mosses
• Liverworts & Hornworts
Gymnosperms
– Conifers (pine cones)
– Oldest vascular plants
Angiosperms
- flowering plants
Animalia Kingdom
All animals are:
-Multicellular eukaryotes
-cells lack a cell wall
- -Heterotrophs
-Capable of movement at some point
in their lives.
-Most reproduce sexually, some can
reproduce by asexually by budding,
fragmentation, regeneration
Criteria for Classification within the Animal Kgdm
Body Symmetry
1. Asymmetrical
Asymmetrical animals
(sponges) have no
general body plan or
axis of symmetry that
divides the body into
mirror-image halves.
2. Radial Symmetry
Animals (such as
coral and jelly fish)
have body parts
organized about a
central axis and tend
to be cylindrical in
shape.
3. Bilateral Symmetry
Bilaterally symmetrical
animals (such as
humans and fish)
have only a single
plane of symmetry
that produces mirror
halves.
Animals with a
backbone are
called vertebrates.
Animals without a
backbone are called
invertebrates