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World History: Connection to Today
Chapter 31 , Section
Chapter 31
World War II and Its Aftermath
(1931–1949)
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Chapter 31 , Section 1
Aggression, Appeasement, and War
• How did dictators and the Spanish Civil War
challenge world peace?
• How did continuing German aggression lead
Europe toward war?
• What factors encouraged the coming of war?
Chapter 31 , Section 1
How Did Dictators Challenge World Peace?
Throughout the 1930s, dictators took aggressive action but met
only verbal protests and pleas for peace from the democracies.
Mussolini and Hitler viewed that desire for peace as weakness
and responded with new acts of aggression.
In 1935, Mussolini invaded Ethiopia.
The League of Nations voted
sanctions, or penalties, but had no
power to enforce the sanctions.
Hitler built up the German military in
defiance of the Versailles treaty.
Then, in 1936, he sent troops into the
demilitarized Rhineland bordering
France — another treaty violation.
Which of the following best describes the
actions taken by the League of Nations in
response to Japanese and Italian aggression?
A.
B.
C.
D.
powerful
harmful
ineffective
harsh
What position did the United States take as
conflict engulfed Europe?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Sided with Germany
Sided with Britain
Declared war on Germany
Remained neutral
Chapter 31 , Section 1
The Spanish Civil War
Although the Spanish Civil War was a local struggle, it drew
other European powers into the fighting.
•
•
Hitler and Mussolini sent arms and forces to help Franco.
Volunteers from Germany, Italy, the Soviet Union, and the
western democracies joined the International Brigade and
fought alongside the Loyalists against fascism.
By 1939, Franco had triumphed. Once in power, he created a
fascist dictatorship like those of Hitler and Mussolini.
Why did Hitler and Mussolini support Franco
in the Spanish Civil War?
A.
B.
C.
D.
He was against democracy
He supported communism
He promised to invade Britain
They owed him a favor
Chapter 31 , Section 1
German Aggression
In 1938, Hitler used force to unite Austria and Germany in the
Anschluss. The western democracies took no action.
Hitler annexed the Sudetenland, a region in western
Czechoslovakia.
At the Munich Conference, British and French leaders again
chose appeasement.
In 1939, Hitler claimed the rest of Czechoslovakia.
The democracies realized that appeasement had failed. They
promised to protect Poland, most likely Hitler’s next target.
Hitler formed a Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact with Stalin.
German forces invaded Poland.
Britain and France immediately declared war on Germany.
What happened at the Munich Conference?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Hitler was given the Sudentenland
Germany declared war on Britain
Hitler annexed Czechoslovakia
Britain ceded territory to Germany
What was one reason Hitler signed a nonaggression pact with Stalin?
A.
B.
C.
D.
He planned to invade Russia
He wished to appease Stalin
He sought peace with all nations
He wanted a free hand in Poland
What German action finally caused
Britain and France to declare war?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The annexation of Austria
The invasion of Poland
The seizing of Czechoslovakia
The invasion of Ethiopia
Chapter 31 , Section 1
Aggression in Europe to 1939
Chapter 31 , Section 1
Why War Came
• Historians see the war as an effort to revise the 1919
peace settlement. The Versailles treaty had divided the
world into two camps.
• The western democracies might have been able to stop
Hitler. Unwilling to risk war, however, they adopted a policy
of appeasement, giving in to the demands of an aggressor
in hope of keeping the peace.
Who made up the International Brigade?
A. volunteers fighting against the republic
in Spain
B. volunteers aiding injured soldiers in
Spain
C. volunteers fighting against fascism in
Spain
D. volunteer peacekeepers during the
Spanish Civil War
Which of the following immediately
led to Britain and France declaring
war on Germany?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Germany taking over the Sudetenland
Germany annexing all of Czechoslovakia
Germany annexing Austria
Germany invading Poland
Chapter 31 , Section 2
The Global Conflict: Axis Advances
• What early gains allowed the Axis powers to
control much of Europe?
• What were the Battle of Britain and
Operation Barbarossa?
• How did Japan respond to growing American
involvement?
Chapter 31 , Section 2
Early Axis Gains
By 1941, the Axis powers or their allies controlled most of Western Europe.
Germany and Russia conquered and divided Poland.
Stalin’s armies pushed into Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
Soviet forces seized Finland.
Hitler conquered Norway and Denmark.
Hitler took the Netherlands and Belgium.
France surrendered to Hitler.
Axis armies pushed into North Africa and the Balkans.
Axis armies defeated Greece and Yugoslavia.
Bulgaria and Hungary joined the Axis alliance.
• The Soviet
Union seized
eastern Poland,
Finland,
Estonia, Latvia,
and Lithuania.
• 1940 –
Germany
conquers
Denmark,
Belgium,
Holland,
Norway and
France.
Europe
1935-1939
Europe
1939
1940
1941
A Global Battleground
• The main combatants were known as the Axis powers
and the Allies.
Main Allied powers: Great Britain, France, China,
Soviet Union, United States
Main Axis powers: Germany, Italy, Japan
June, 1940
France
surrenders.
Early in the war, Hitler overran ___, ___, the
Netherlands, and Belgium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Britain, Africa
Egypt, the Suez Canal
Leningrad, Britain
Norway, Denmark
Chapter 31 , Section 2
The Battle of Britain and Operation Barbarossa
THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN
In 1940, Hitler ordered Operation
Sea Lion, the invasion of Britain.
The Germans first bombed
military targets, then changed
tactics to the blitz, or bombing, of
London and other cities.
London did not break under the
blitz. The bombing only
strengthened British resolve to
turn back the enemy.
OPERATION BARBAROSSA
In 1941, Hitler embarked on
Operation Barbarossa, the
conquest of the Soviet Union.
The Nazis smashed deep into
Russia, but were stalled before
they could take Moscow and
Leningrad.
Thousands of German soldiers
froze to death in Russia’s winter.
Russians also suffered appalling
hardships.
Operation Sea Lion was a failure.
Stalin urged Britain to open a
second front in Western Europe.
1940 - The
Germans
severely
bombed Great
Britain during
the Battle of
Britain but
were unable
the defeat the
island nation.
(video link)
German
bomber over
London
Battle of Britain - Summer, 1940
Battle of Britain - Summer, 1940
Battle of Britain - Summer, 1940
Battle of Britain - Summer, 1940
'We shall fight on the beaches...
June 4, 1940..‘,
Winston Churchill,
British Prime
Minister
'... We shall go on to the end, we
shall fight in France, we shall fight
on the seas and oceans, we shall
fight with growing confidence and
growing strength in the air, we
shall defend our island, whatever
the cost may be, we shall fight on
the beaches, we shall fight on the
landing grounds, we shall fight in
the fields and in the streets, we
shall fight in the hills; we shall
never surrender ...'
A new invention called ___ detected aircraft.
A.
B.
C.
D.
sonar
radar
radioactivity
The blitzkrieg
To try to demoralize the British, Hitler
launched
A.
B.
C.
D.
The siege of Leningrad
Operation Barbarossa
The London blitz
The miracle of Dunkirk
Chapter 31 , Section 2
Growing American Involvement
When the war began in 1939, the United States declared its
neutrality.
Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act, which allowed the President
to supply arms to those who were fighting for democracy.
Roosevelt and Churchill issued the Atlantic Charter, which called for
the “final destruction of the Nazi tyranny.”
Japan advanced into French Indochina and the Dutch East Indies.
To stop Japanese aggression, the United States banned the sale of
war materials to Japan.
Japan attacked Pearl Harbor.
The United States declared war on Japan.
Germany and Italy, as Japan’s allies, declared war on the United
States.
American Neutrality
• FDR changed the Neutrality Acts through a “cash and
carry” plan, in which the U.S. sold arms to the Allies, but
they had to carry them away on their own ships.
• Meanwhile, the U.S. prepared for war by setting up the
first ever peacetime draft in U.S. history.
A Third Term for FDR
 Breaking tradition, FDR ran for, and won, a third term as
President in 1940.
Arsenal of Democracy
• Lend-Lease Act (1941) – allowed sales or loans to “any
country whose defense the President deems vital to the
defense of the U.S.”
Warsaw 1945: Willys jeep
used by Polish Army as
part of US Lend-Lease
program.
• FDR called on all Americans to defend the “Four
Freedoms” (freedom of speech, freedom of worship,
freedom from want, and freedom from fear)
Atlantic Charter – set up by FDR and British Prime
Minister Winston Churchill in 1941, establishing the goals
for the end of the war:
• to seek no territorial gain
from the war
• to support all peoples to
choose their own form of
government
• called for a “permanent
system of general security”,
such as the League of
Nations
Pearl Harbor (video link)
• On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the U.S. fleet at
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
• Approximately 2,400 Americans were killed and most the
Pacific fleet was destroyed.
* The U.S.
declared war on
Japan the
following day,
officially entering
World War II.
Address to Congress Requesting a Declaration of War with
Japan - December 8, 1941 (7:56)
Mr. Vice President, and Mr. Speaker, and Members of
the Senate and House of Representatives:
Yesterday, December 7, 1941 -- a date which will live in
infamy -- the United States of America was suddenly and
deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of
Japan.
The United States was at peace with that Nation and, at
the solicitation of Japan, was still in conversation with its
Government and its Emperor looking toward the maintenance
of peace in the Pacific. Indeed, one hour after Japanese air
squadrons had commenced bombing in the American Island of
Oahu, the Japanese Ambassador to the United States and his
colleague delivered to our Secretary of State a formal reply to a
recent American message. And while this reply stated that it
seemed useless to continue the existing diplomatic negotiations,
it contained no threat or hint of war or of armed attack.
It will be recorded that the distance of Hawaii from
Japan makes it obvious that the attack was deliberately
planned many days or even weeks ago. During the intervening
time the Japanese Government has deliberately sought to
deceive the United States by false statements and expressions of
hope for continued peace.
The attack yesterday on the Hawaiian Islands has caused
severe damage to American naval and military forces. I regret
to tell you that very many American lives have been lost. In
addition American ships have been reported torpedoed on the
high seas between San Francisco and Honolulu.
Yesterday the Japanese Government also launched an
attack against Malaya.
Last night Japanese forces attacked Hong Kong.
Last night Japanese forces attacked Guam.
Last night Japanese forces attacked the Philippine
Islands.
Last night the Japanese attacked Wake Island. And this
morning the Japanese attacked Midway Island.
Japan has, therefore, undertaken a surprise offensive
extending throughout the Pacific area. The facts of yesterday
and today speak for themselves. The people of the United States
have already formed their opinions and well understand the
implications to the very life and safety of our Nation.
As Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy I have
directed that all measures be taken for our defense.
But always will our whole Nation remember the
character of the onslaught against us.
No matter how long it may take us to overcome this
premeditated invasion, the American people in their righteous
might will win through to absolute victory. I believe that I
interpret the will of the Congress and of the people when I
assert that we will not only defend ourselves to the uttermost
but will make it very certain that this form of treachery shall
never again endanger us.
Hostilities exist. There is no blinking at the fact that our
people, our territory, and our interests are in grave danger.
With confidence in our armed forces- with the
unbounding determination of our people- we will gain the
inevitable triumph- so help us God.
I ask that the Congress declare that since the
unprovoked and dastardly attack by Japan on Sunday,
December 7, 1941, a state of war has existed between the United
States and the Japanese Empire.
By early 1942, the Japanese had conquered
lands from ___ to the western Pacific.
A.
B.
C.
D.
London
Pearl Harbor
Southeast Asia
The Suez Canal
Operation Sea Lion referred to Hitler’s
planned invasion of
A.
B.
C.
D.
Russia
Britain
France
Poland
When the war began in 1939, the United
States
A.
B.
C.
D.
immediately sided with Allies.
joined the Axis powers.
declared war on Germany.
declared neutrality.
Chapter 31 , Section 3
The Global Conflict: Allied Successes
• How did Germany and Japan treat people in
occupied lands?
• How did the Allies turn the tide of war?
• How did the Red Army and the Allied
invasion of France undo German plans?
Chapter 31 , Section 3
Occupied Lands
While the Germans rampaged across Europe, the Japanese conquered an
empire in Asia and the Pacific. Each set out to build a “new order” in the
occupied lands.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Hitler set up puppet governments in countries that were
peopled by “Aryans.”
Eastern Europeans were considered an inferior “race,”
and were thus shoved aside to provide “living space” for
Germans.
To the Nazis, occupied lands were an economic resource
to be looted and plundered.
German leaders worked to accomplish the “final solution
of the Jewish problem” — the genocide, or deliberate
murder, of all European Jews.
Japan’s self-proclaimed mission was to help Asians
escape imperial rule. In fact, its real goal was a Japanese
empire in Asia.
The Japanese treated conquered people with great
brutality.
How did the Nazis view occupied lands?
A.
B.
C.
D.
As death camps
As bargaining chips
As training grounds
As economic resources
Chapter 31 , Section 3
Turning Points
During 1942 and 1943, the Allies won several victories that would
turn the tide of battle and push back the Axis powers.
EL ALAMEIN
The British stopped Rommel’s advance
and drove the Axis forces back across
Libya into Tunisia.
(late 1942)
INVASION OF ITALY
From North Africa, the Allies invaded
Italy. The invasion weakened Hitler by
forcing him to fight on another front.
(mid-1943)
STALINGRAD
INVASION OF FRANCE
The Red Army took the offensive and
drove the Germans out of the Soviet
Union entirely. Hitler’s forces suffered
irreplaceable losses of troops and
The Allies opened a second front in
Europe with the invasion of Paris. They
freed France and were then able to
focus on defeating Germany and Japan.
equipment.
(mid-1944)
(late 1942)
War in North Africa and Italy
Italian and British forces battled for control of North
Africa. The Suez Canal and the oil fields of the Middle
East were essential to the British war effort. After Italian
forces failed against the British, Hitler was forced to
send German troops to support the Italians.
Back-and-forth fighting
• Afrika Korps led by Erwin
Rommel
• Pushed British back into Egypt
• Traded blows for two years
• 1942—Battle of El Alamein
• British victory under Gen.
Bernard Montgomery
• Axis power lessened in North
Africa
Americans join the battle
•
•
•
•
Soviets wanted European front
Invasion of western North Africa
Dwight D. Eisenhower led troops
Rommel caught between forces
in east and west
• Supply problems worsened
• May 1943—surrendered to Allies
Nearly 250,000 Axis soldiers taken prisoner; with
surrender, all of North Africa in Allied hands
Fighting in Italy
Next Allied goal: Italy itself
• July 1943, Allied soldiers landed on the island of Sicily
– Weak Italian resistance
– Benito Mussolini forced from power
• Allies capture Sicily
– Made plans to invade the Italian mainland
– Hitler tried to protect against the Allied march through Italy
• September 1943
– Allies move into southern Italy
– Strong German resistance as troops moved north
– Bloody fighting continued for months
A Turning Point in the Soviet Union
• 1941 German invasion halted with winter
• German equipment failed in bitter cold
• Poorly equipped troops suffered greatly
Leningrad
• Citizens under siege in Hitler’s attempt to force a
surrender
• Winter of 1941—1942, thousands starved to death
daily
• Siege of Leningrad cost 1 million civilian lives
Battle of Stalingrad
In the spring of 1942, Hitler ordered renewed assaults
on the Soviet Union. He assembled troops from Italy,
Romania, and Hungary. Even with fuel shortages,
Axis forces fought well initially.
On the Volga River
•
•
•
•
Germans poised to take Stalingrad
Key industrial city for Soviets
Factories supplied Soviet armies
Ports shipped grain, oil, and other products
throughout country
Brutal battle
Final victory
• City bombed into rubble;
German troops moved
in
• German officers
surrendered early
February 1943
• Hold city at all costs
• 1 million Soviet dead
• Georgy Zhukov led
Soviet counterattack
• Crushing defeat for
Hitler; once invincible
German army in retreat
• Axis soldiers with no
food or ammunition
• Hitler—“Surrender is
forbidden”
• Battle of Stalingrad
turning point in war
What happened at El Alamein?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Rommel overran Egypt
The Allies invaded Italy
The British stopped Rommel’s advance
Germany won the Suez Canal
What was the result of the Battle of
Stalingrad?
A.
B.
C.
D.
German defeat of the Soviets
Soviet defeat of the Germans
Soviet defeat of the Japanese
German counterattack at Leningrad
Chapter 31 , Section 3
World War II in Europe and North Africa
Chapter 31 , Section 4
Toward Victory
• How was the Pacific war fought?
• How did the Allies defeat Nazi Germany?
• What debates surrounded the defeat of
Japan?
Chapter 31 , Section 4
Strategies in the Pacific
• At first, the Japanese won an uninterrupted series of victories.
• Soon, however, the tide of the Pacific war began to turn.
• The United States began an “island-hopping” campaign. The
goal of the campaign was to recapture some Japanese-held
islands while bypassing others. The captured islands served as
steppingstones to the next objective.
• In this way, American forces gradually moved north to Japan
itself.
Chapter 31 , Section 4
World War II in the Pacific
What was the campaign to recapture
Japanese held islands in the Pacific called?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Total war
Island-hopping
Genocide
Kamikaze
War Ends in the Pacific
Final Battles
• By mid-1944, regular bombing raids on Japanese cities, including
Tokyo
• Great distance made raids difficult, dangerous
• Americans needed bases closer to Japan
Battle of Iwo Jima
• February 1945 island invasion; 750 miles south of Tokyo
• 7,000 Americans died in month of fighting; 20,000 Japanese died—only
1,000 thousand surrendered
Battle of Okinawa
• Only 350 miles from Japan; U.S. troops invaded island April 1945
• By June, 12,000 American soldiers dead
• Japanese lost 100,000 defenders and another 100,000 civilians
Chapter 31 , Section 4
Defeating Nazi Germany
To win the assault on Germany, the Allies had to use devastating
force.
As Allied armies advanced into Belgium in 1944, Germany launched
a massive counterattack.
Both sides suffered terrible losses at the Battle of the Bulge.
Hitler’s support in Germany was declining.
Germany faced round-the-clock bombing.
The Allies crossed the Rhine into western Germany.
Soviet troops closed in on Berlin.
Hitler committed suicide, and Germany surrendered.
War Ends in Europe
• Soviet advance—pushing Hitler’s troops backward
• Axis forces with 2 million casualties—outnumbered
and outgunned
• Early 1944, Siege of Leningrad ends; more victories
for Soviets followed
• Axis forces driven back into central Europe
• Soviets within 40 miles of Berlin by February 1945
D-Day
• Second front in Western Europe
• Sea assault led by Marshall and
Eisenhower
• June 6, 1944, invasion at
Normandy
• Victory came with high
casualties
• Paris free by end of August
Battle of the Bulge
• December 1944, one last stand
• Counterattack at Belgium
• German advance led to bulge in
the line
• Defeat ended German resistance
• Allies racing to Berlin from the
east and west
Chapter 31 , Section 4
The Atomic Bomb
Dropping the atomic bomb brought a quick end to the
war. It also unleashed terrifying destruction.
Why did President Truman use the bomb?
•
Truman was convinced that Japan would not
surrender without an invasion that would result in
enormous losses of both American and Japanese
lives.
•
Truman also may have hoped that the bomb would
impress the Soviet Union with American power.
Chapter 31 , Section
The Atomic Bomb
• After Okinawa, mainland Japan was next
• The U.S. military estimated cost of invading mainland Japan-up
to 1 million Allied killed or wounded
Option to invasion
• Atomic bomb successfully
tested in 1945
• Harry S Truman U.S. president
with Roosevelt’s death in May
1945
• Forced to make decision—bomb
Japanese city to force surrender
July 26, 1945
• Allies issued demand for
surrender
• No response; Hiroshima bombed
on August 6
• Still no surrender; second bomb
dropped on Nagasaki on August
9
• 145,000 total deaths
• Japanese acknowledged defeat
Emperor Hirohito surrendered on August 15, 1945. This day is
known as V-J Day for Victory in Japan. World War II was finally
over.
How did the Allies end the war with Japan?
A.
B.
C.
D.
By dropping an atomic bomb
By invading Japan
Through negotiations
Through economic sanctions
Which of the following was one reason that
Truman decided to drop the atomic bomb on
Japan?
A. He had no other alternatives
B. He harbored ill feelings toward the Japanese
C. Experts had underestimated the bomb’s
capabilities
D. An invasion of Japan would result in an
enormous loss of lives
Chapter 31 , Section 5
From World War to Cold War
• What issues arose in the aftermath of war?
• Why did the Allies organize the United
Nations?
• How did the breakup of the wartime alliance
lead to new conflicts?
Chapter 31 , Section 5
Aftermath of War
• The appalling costs of the war began to emerge.
• The world learned the full extent of the horrors of the Holocaust.
• War crimes trials were held in Germany, Italy, and Japan.
• People faced disturbing questions: What made the Nazi horrors
possible? Why had ordinary people collaborated with Hitler’s
“final solution”?
• The Allies worked to strengthen democracy in occupied
Germany and Japan.
One way that the Allies discredited the Nazi,
fascist, and militarist ideologies that led to
the war was through the ___
A.
B.
C.
D.
War crimes trials
Final solution
United Nations
Berlin Airlift
Chapter 31 , Section 5
The Cold War
As the United States and the Soviet Union became superpowers,
they also became tense rivals in an increasingly divided world.
The Cold War was a state of tension and hostility among nations,
without armed conflict between the major rivals.
At first, the focus of the Cold War was Eastern Europe, where
Stalin and the western powers had very different goals.
The state of tension between nations without
armed conflict was known as the ___.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Iron Curtain
Marshall Plan
Cold War
World War
Chapter 31 , Section 5
Casualties of World War II
Military
Dead
Military
Wounded
Civilian
Dead
389,000
211,000
7,500,000
292,000
475,000
400,000
14,102,000
671,000
65,000
108,000
15,000,000
**
2,850,000
77,500
1,576,000
7,250,000
120,000
500,000
5,000,000
100,000
300,000
Allies
Britain
France
Soviet Union
United States
Axis
Powers
Germany
Italy
Japan
** Very small number of civilian dead.
Source: Henri Michel, The Second World War
Chapter 31 , Section 5
The United Nations
World War II Allies set up an international organization to ensure peace.
Under the UN Charter, each of the member nations had one vote in the
General Assembly. A smaller body, the Security Council, was given
greater power. Its five permanent members were the United States, the
Soviet Union (today Russia), Britain, France, and China.
The UN’s work would go far beyond peacekeeping. The organization
would take on many world problems.
The United States, the Soviet Union, Britain,
France, and ___ are permanent members of
the United Nations.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Germany
China
Japan
Canada
How many Russian civilians died in World War
II?
A.
B.
C.
D.
One million
15 million
100,000
4 million