Download Latin American Independence Movements

Latin American Independence
Movements
Effects and Obstacles for New
Nations
Interactive PowerPoint Directions
• The students are to highlight key terms, people, dates and
events.
• Next to the slides, the students are to add information from
the oral part of the lecture by the teacher or from the
YouTube videos.
• At the end of each section, there are Regroup Discussion
Questions for students in their small groups to answer as
review before the class moves on.
Review of Colonial Society
SOCIAL HIERARCHY: Based on a racial hierarchy
The lighter the skin, the more valuable the person
Creoles:
People of pure
European blood
But born in the
New World
Mestizos:
Indian +
European
blood
CAUSES
P
C
M&M
Peninsulares:
Native Spaniards
Mulattos:
African +
European blood
NA & A
Native Americans and Africans
Colonial Society
• Peninsulares: white people born on the
Iberian peninsula in either Spain or Portugal to
Spanish or Portuguese parents
• Creoles: the children of peninsulare parents
born in the new world. White people, but
held a permanent 2nd class status
– Where is the Iberian Peninsula?!
Colonial Society
• Mestizo: a person of mixed European and
Indian blood
• Mulatto: a person of mixed European and
African blood
Colonial Society
• African $lave$: people brought to New
Spain as a labor force to replace the Indians
• Indians: indigenous people with the least
amount of value in this hierarchy because they
could not do the work the slaves could
– Indigenous means
United States Intervenes
INTERNATIONAL:
THE MONROE DOCTRINE
“The
American continents…are henceforth not to be
considered as subjects for future colonization by any
European powers.” - James Monroe, 1823
President Monroe of the United States
issued the Monroe Doctrine in 1823.
It stated the United States would oppose
any attempt by Europeans to establish
new colonies in the Americas.
The Monroe Doctrine made it clear
to the world that the United States
had special interests in the Western
Hemisphere.
U.S. Interventions
• 1898: Spanish-American War that made Cuba an
American protectorate and annexed Puerto Rico
• 1903: Building of Panama Canal that allowed
America to control a 10 mile strip of land between
Colombia and Panama
• 1915-1934: American Maries in Haiti
• 1912-1933: Americans Marines in Nicaragua
• American forces also sent to Cuba, Mexico,
Guatemala, Honduras, Panama, Colombia, and
Dominican Republic to protect American interests
Effects
The Difficulties of Nation Building in
Latin America
1830-1870 the new Latin American nations republics, faced a number of serious problems
from.
– Wars of independence resulted in staggering loss
of people, property and livestock.
– The new nations, unsure of their precise
boundaries, attempted to settle border disputes
with war.
– Poor roads, a lack of railroads, thick jungles, and
mountains made communication, transportation
and national unity difficult.
After independence, dictatorships,
unstable governments, and poverty
affected many Latin American nations.
Land and wealth remained in
the hands of a small elite. Caudillos or
military leaders ruled in some places.
POLITICAL ISSUES:
THE CAUDILLOS
* By 1830, nearly all Latin
American countries were ruled by
Caudillos.
WHY?
* The upper classes supported
dictatorship because it kept the
lower classes out of power.
* The lower classes did not have
experience with democracy.
Dictatorship seemed normal.
POLITICAL: Caudillos
• Ruled mostly by military force
• Usually supported by the landed elite
• Key to keeping the newly independent countries
unified
• Many modernized the country with roads, canals,
ports, and schools
• Juan Manuel del Rosas in Argentina is an example of
this
• Benito Juarez of Mexico is an example of this
POLITICAL: Caudillos
• Some were destructive and abuses power
– Mexican General Antonio Lopez de Santa is an
example of this
– Held office of president 11 different times
between 1833-1855
– Called himself the “Napoleon of the West”
– Misused state funds, stopped reform programs
caused war between Mexico and United States
from 1846-1848 where Mexico lost almost half of
its territory
POLITICAL ISSUES: Church vs. State
 Church and state conflict;
liberals wanted to curtail
the power of the church
while conservatives fought
for maintaining the
Churches privileges.
 In Mexico, 1858-1861, the
division between church
and state led to a civil war.
POLITICAL: Revolutions
• 1910-1920: Revolution in Mexico
• Caudillo Porfirio Diaz caused wages of workers
to decline
• Francisco Madero replaced Diaz and made
many reforms, but it was not enough
• Emiliano Zapata called for major agricultural
reforms and gained the support of the
peasants: “LAND AND LIBERTY”
• Revolution caused great damage to economy
but resulted in a new constitution in 1917
ECONOMIC:
ONE-CROP ECONOMIES
* Now that trade was not restricted to the
mother country, the U.S. and Great Britain
became the new countries’ major trading
partners.
*Cuba: sugar
*Brazil: coffee
*Central America: bananas
* A colonial economy continued…Latin
America mainly exported cash crops and
raw materials while importing
manufactured goods.
ECONOMIC: AN IMBALANCE OF
TRADE
* As the imbalance of trade grew, Latin American countries took
out large loans from the U.S., Britain, and Germany to build
infrastructure.
* When the countries could not pay back their loans, foreign
lenders gained control of major industries in Latin America.
ECONOMIC: Expanding Exports
• After 1870, Latin America began to diversify their
crops a little more
– Argentina: wheat and beef
– Brazil: coffee
– Central America: coffee and bananas
– Peru: sugar and silver
– Also increased industrialization and built factories
• Led to growth of middle class who sought peaceful
liberal reforms and not revolution
• The middle class sided with the land-holding elite
SOCIAL: THE QUESTION OF
LAND
AT LEAST, DID THE SOCIAL PYRAMID CHANGE?
NO!
* Once the Spaniards were expelled, the new governments seized
their lands and put them up for sale, BUT….only the Creoles could
afford to buy them.
* Thus, the Creoles replaced the
Peninsulares at the top of the social
pyramid, but other classes remained at the
bottom of the ladder.
SOCIAL: Land Inequality
• Land was the basis for wealth, social prestige, and
political power
• Problem was the domination by the landed elite of
the Peninsulares and Creoles
• Large estates, Haciendas, were the way of life
• The estates were so large that they could not be
farmed efficiently and effectively.
– For example, by 1848, the Sanchez Navarro family in
Mexico owned 17 estates made up of 16 million acres
SOCIAL: Land Inequality
• Landed elite ran the governments, controlled
the courts, and kept a system of inexpensive
labor
• Land owners made huge profits off growing
only one cash crop to export
• Most of the population had no land to grow
basic food crops and lived in poverty
Regroup:
• What happened to the newly
independent nations?
• What were the different obstacles
they faced?
• Which does your group think was the
biggest obstacle and why?
YouTube Video
• Latin American Revolutions: Crash Course
World History #31
• CrashCourse
• Published August 2012
• Running Time of 13:42 Minutes
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZBw35Ze
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